Enhancing Exercise Responsiveness across Prediabetes Phenotypes by Targeting Insulin Sensitivity with Nutrition

Table 1

Summary of exercise plus diet effects compared with preintervention.

	Insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake	Nonoxidative glucose disposal	Glycogen concentration	Hepatic insulin sensitivity	Fat oxidation
Caloric restriction	↑ [15, 22]	↑ [15]	↔ [30]	↓ [16]	↑ [22, 29, 30]
Caloric replacement	↑ ↔ [15, 20–22, 75]	↓↔ [15, 20]	↔ [30, 39, 46]	↑↔ [15, 20]	↑↔ [13, 19, 30]
CHO restriction	↑↑ [26, 30]	↑↑ [26]	↓ [30, 39]	↔ [26]	↑↔ [30]
CHO Replacement	↔ [30]	↑↔ [26, 27]	↔ [30]	↔ [27]	↑ [27]
Low GI	↑ [56]	↑ [52]	?	↑ [52]	?
High GI	↑ [52]	↑ [52]	?	↑ [52]	?
Whole grain	?	?	?	?	?
Refined grain	?	?	?	?	?

↑ indicates an increase. ↓ indicates a decrease. ↔ indicates no substantial change. ? indicates inconsistent findings or no available data across studies. ↑↑ indicates a substantial change.