Effects of Face-to-Face and Telephone-Based Family-Oriented Education on Self-Care Behavior and Patient Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 1

Demographic characteristics of participants in the three study groups.

Variable		Control, N (%)	Face-to-face education group, N (%)	Phone education group, N (%)	Chi-square
Gender	Female	11 (36.7)	15 (50)	13 (43.3)
	Male	19 (63.3)	15 (50)	17 (56.7)
Marital status	Married	29 (96.7)	28 (93.3)	28 (93/3)
	Single	1 (3.3)	2 (6.7)	2 (6.7)
Employment status	Currently unemployed	16 (53.3)	14 (46.7)	17 (56/7)
	Employed	9 (30)	10 (33.3)	9 (30)
	Retired	5 (16.7)	6 (20)	4 (13.3)
Family history of diabetes	Yes	19 (63.3)	12 (40)	15 (50)
	No	11 (36.7)	18 (60)	15 (50)
Education level	Primary and secondary school	14 (46.7)	15 (50)	11 (36.7)
	High school & university	16 (53.3)	15 (50)	19 (63.3)
Treatment of diabetes	Insulin	2 (6.7)	3 (10)	7 (23.3)
	Oral therapy	19 (63.3)	21 (70)	18 (60)
	Both oral therapy & insulin	9 (30)	6 (20)	5 (16.7)
Age mean (SD)		50.6 (3.74)	49.9 (4.98)	49.46 (4.76)
Disease duration mean (SD)		11.33 (5.66)	10.33 (6.89)	9.26 (5.47)

Tested by analysis of variance.