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| # | Study | Country | Study setting | Sample size | Characteristics of exercise intervention | Characteristics of diet intervention | Outcome |
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| (1) | Knowler et al. [17] | USA | 27 medical centres | 3234 | Engage in moderate activity exercise for 150 minutes a week. | Achieve and maintain weight reduction of 7% initial body weight. Low-calorie and low-fat diet. | P = diagnosis of diabetes.
S = physical activity, weight change. |
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| (2) | Kosaka et al. [18] | Japan | Toranomon Hospital | 458 (male only) | Achieve or maintain moderate exercise (e.g., 30 min bike ride or 30–40 min walking daily). | Achieve and maintain a BMI of 22. Advice on food alternatives and diet given. | P = development of diabetes.
S = glycaemic control and changes in weight. |
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| (3) | Lindström et al. [19] | Finland | Helsinki, Kuopio, Turku, Tampere, and Oulu health centres | 522 | Endurance and resistance training. | Behavioural changes. Recommends 0.5–1 kg weight loss per week. | P = physical activity and weight loss.
S = glycaemic control and diabetes development. |
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| (4) | Moore et al. [20] | Australia | 2 urban areas and 1 rural area of Victoria, Australia | 307 | States lifestyle modification. | States lifestyle modification | P = diabetes knowledge, dietary and exercise adherence.
S = glycaemic control, BMI, waist circumference. |
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| (5) | Penn et al. [21] | England | Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne | 102 | Physical activity equivalent to 30-minute moderate activity every day. | Reduce saturated fat intake to <30%. Increase energy from carbohydrates to >50%, increase fibre intake, and achieve weight loss to reach target BMI of 25 | P = diagnosis of diabetes.
S = participation in physical activity and diet changes. |
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| (6) | Ramachandran et al. [22] | India | Various service organisations | 531 | Walk briskly 30 minutes a day. | Advice on healthy eating. | P = diagnosis of diabetes.
S = body weight and waist circumference. |
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| (7) | Roumen et al. [23] | Netherlands | Maastricht, Netherlands | 147 | 30 minutes a day five days a week. 3 times a year participation in activity wearing a heartbeat watch. | 5–7% body weight loss, based on Dutch guidelines for healthy eating. | P = glycaemic control.
S = body weight, maximal aerobic capacity. |
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| (8) | Saito et al. [24] | Japan | 38 hospitals and clinics across Japan | 641 | Pedometers with self- monitoring of goals (recommended goal of 70,000 steps a week). | 5% reduction in body weight. Restricting excess intake of fat and carbohydrates. Self-goals to increase healthy diet. | P = diagnosis of diabetes. |
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| (9) | Xu et al. [25] | China | 2 health centres in urban areas of Shanghai | 88 | Recommended moderate exercise, for example, 30–40-minute walking a day | Daily breakfast replacement with low glycaemic index food for first 3 months of study. Advice on healthy eating. | P = glycaemic control and diagnosis of diabetes.
S = body weight, BMI. |
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