Expanded Normal Weight Obesity and Insulin Resistance in US Adults of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Table 4

Mean HOMA-IR values across BMI sex-specific quintiles, without and with control of the covariates.

Variable controlled	BMI quintiles^§					F
	Quintile 1; mean ± SE	Quintile 2; mean ± SE	Quintile 3; mean ± SE	Quintile 4; mean ± SE	Quintile 5; mean ± SE
None	1.04 ± 0.03^a	1.36 ± 0.03^b	1.94 ± 0.05^c	2.60 ± 0.08^d	4.31 ± 0.17^e	448.54	<0.0001
Demographics	1.10 ± 0.06^a	1.41 ± 0.05^b	1.99 ± 0.06^c	2.65 ± 0.10^d	4.37 ± 0.16^e	431.10	<0.0001
Demographics and lifestyle^†	1.11 ± 0.05^a	1.42 ± 0.05^b	2.01 ± 0.06^c	2.65 ± 0.10^d	4.35 ± 0.16^e	464.39	<0.0001
Demographics, lifestyle, BF%5	1.48 ± 0.06^a	1.59 ± 0.05^b	2.02 ± 0.06^c	2.50 ± 0.10^d	3.95 ± 0.14^e	141.88	<0.0001

^§BMI quintiles are sex-specific. For each quintile, n represents the unweighted sample size and the percentage reflects the weighted proportion of the sample in that quintile, which represents the US adult population: Q1 (; 20.0%), Q2 (; 20.0%), Q3 (; 20.0%), Q4 (; 20.0%), Q5 (; 20.0%). Total . Demographic covariates included age, sex, race, and year of assessment. ^†Lifestyle covariates included moderate physical activity, vigorous physical activity, and smoking. Means on the same row have been adjusted for differences in the covariates listed in the first column. ^a,b,c,d,eMeans on the same row with the same superscript letter are not significantly different. For this table, each mean is significantly different from each other mean (). BF%5 represents the variable, body fat percentage, which was divided into sex-specific quintiles.