Associations between Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Metabolic Risk Factors beyond Obesity
Table 1
Basic clinical characteristics of the study subjects according to the level of the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI).
Overall ()
AHI
for the trend
<5.0 ()
5.0–15.0 ()
≥15.0 ()
Age (years)
51.1 ± 7.2
50.5 ± 7.3
52.9 ± 6.1
51.2 ± 8.0
0.02
Male gender (%)
75.8
69.5
86.4
98.2
<0.01
Anthropometries
Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2)
24.7 ± 3.5
23.9 ± 3.0
25.8 ± 3.4
28.1 ± 4.6
<0.01
Obesity (%)
40.1
31.0
56.4
69.4
<0.01
Waist circumference (cm) in men
86.5 ± 8.8
84.2 ± 7.5
89.0 ± 8.2
93.5 ± 10.6
<0.01
Waist circumference (cm) in women
81.5 ± 9.4
80.8 ± 8.9
86.1 ± 11.6
93.5 ± 13.4
<0.01
Metabolic parameters
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
131.5 ± 19.0
128.4 ± 18.0
135.7 ± 17.9
144.6 ± 21.4
<0.01
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
82.0 ± 11.8
80.1 ± 11.3
84.7 ± 11.2
89.8 ± 11.8
<0.01
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)
100.8 ± 17.9
99.8 ± 18.4
102.8 ± 17.4
103.6 ± 15.2
0.01
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
78/109/156
73/102/145
85/125/184
104/146/193
<0.01
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
58.0 ± 14.2
60.0 ± 14.8
54.4 ± 12.4
51.4 ± 9.9
<0.01
HOMA-IR ()
0.8/1.0/1.5
0.7/1.0/1.4
0.8/1.1/1.7
1.0/1.4/2.1
<0.01
Matsuda ISI ()
11.0 ± 8.7
12.0 ± 8.9
10.0 ± 9.0
7.3 ± 4.9
<0.01
Habits
Smokers (%)
19.6
18.1
22.0
25.2
0.04
Daily drinkers (%)
33.7
31.9
36.0
41.4
0.03
Taking medications
Antihypertensive drugs (%)
15.0
12.6
17.2
27.9
<0.01
Lipid-lowering drugs (%)
7.5
6.5
10.4
8.1
0.24
Glucose-lowering drugs (%)
4.1
3.6
5.2
5.4
0.24
Data are expressed as mean ± SD, 25/50/75th percentile value, or number (%). Obesity was defined by BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2. HDL cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; Matsuda ISI: Matsuda insulin sensitivity index.
