Acylcarnitine Profiles in Plasma and Tissues of Hyperglycemic NZO Mice Correlate with Metabolite Changes of Human Diabetes
Table 1
Metabolic alterations between the group of diabetic male (Md) and the group of non-/prediabetic male (M) NZO mice in plasma, tissues, and phenotypic traits.
Metabolite
Abbreviation
Fold changes Md : M
Plasma
Liver
Adipose tissue
Muscle
Kidney
Heart
Heptanoyl-C
C7
3.21
3.98†
1.33
1.25
1.18
1.51
Pentanoyl-C
C5
2.31
1.87ǂ
1.86
1.55
1.40
1.73ǂ
Glucose
Glc
2.10†
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.10
Crotonyl-C
C4:1
2.07
0.92
1.56
1.71
3.03
1.29
Hexanoyl-C
C6
2.04
1.89
1.10
1.13
0.98
1.52
2-Methylbutyryl-C
2-M-C4
2.04
1.73
1.28
1.41
1.47
1.61
Isobutyryl-C
2-M-C3
1.99
0.81
1.25
1.34
0.97
0.65
Isovaleryl-C
3-M-C4
1.97
0.64
1.16
1.16
1.52
1.44ǂ
Nonanoyl-C
C9
1.90†
5.35†
1.24
0.76
0.99
1.12
Propionyl-C
C3
1.88
1.17
1.28
1.05
1.30
1.30
Methacrylyl-C
2-M-C3:1
1.88ǂ
0.90
1.45
2.63ǂ
3.03
1.60
Butyryl-C
C4
1.74
0.87
1.16
1.44ǂ
1.14
1.14
3-Methylcrotonyl-C
3-M-C4:1
1.73
0.92
<LOQ¶
1.28
1.33
1.60ǂ
Octanoyl-C
C8
1.66
3.13
0.95
0.84
0.94
1.15
Tiglyl-C
2-M-C4:1
1.52
1.17
1.42
1.39
1.69
1.45
Isoundecanoyl-C
iso-C11:0
1.45
5.86†
1.28
0.88
1.44
2.29
α-Aminobutyrate
AAB
1.34
1.66ǂ
1.32
1.15
1.48
1.39
Glutamine
Gln
1.31
0.98
1.21ǂ
0.90
1.13
0.99
Hydroxybutyryl-C-b
C4-OH b
1.31
0.75
1.27
1.77
1.07
1.46
Isoleucine
Ile
1.30
1.01
1.38
1.10
1.11
1.09
Phenylalanine
Phe
1.27ǂ
1.19
1.18
0.97
1.13
1.12
β-Alanine
β-Ala
1.15
2.07ǂ
1.37
0.94
1.29
1.16
γ-Aminobutyric acid
GABA
1.08
1.38
4.02
1.11
1.54
1.20
Tryptophan
Trp
1.05
3.83
1.34
1.16
<LOQ¶
1.47ǂ
Hydroxybutyryl-C-a
C4-OH a
1.01
0.77
1.29
1.80†
0.97
1.00
Arginine
Arg
0.91
0.85
1.04
0.57ǂ
0.84
0.82
3-Methyl-Histidine
3M-His
0.90
1.29ǂ
1.28
0.98
1.23
1.02
Methylglutaryl-C
C5-M-DC
0.62
0.75
1.34ǂ
0.97
0.74
1.12
Cystine
Cys-Cys
0.46
2.44ǂ
1.63
1.20
1.48
1.85
Undecanoyl-C
C11
0.19
3.18†
1.69
0.91
1.09
0.75
Isotridecanoyl-C
iso-C13:0
0.14
4.33
1.01
0.99
1.41
1.18
Differences in plasma- and tissue-derived ACs and AAs between diabetic male NZO mice (Md) and non-/prediabetic male mice (M). Metabolites with values above 0.05 are shown since the study aims for a holistic approach to define metabolite profiles for diabetic conditions rather than identifying single markers for T2DM. Results were considered as significant at a threshold of . LOQ = limit of quantification; C = carnitine. ¶<LOQ; †0.001 < ; 0.01 < ; and ǂ0.05 < .
