The Relationship between Frequently Used Glucose-Lowering Agents and Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 1

Glucose-lowering agents and associated gut microbiota alterations.

Glucose-lowering agent		Gut microbiota alteration		Research subjects
		Increased abundance	Decreased abundance
Biguanides	Metformin	Escherichia [1, 12, 24]; Shigella [12]; Klebsiella [12]; Salmonella [12]; Adlercreutzia [30]; Clostridium cocleatum [43]; Akkermansia muciniphila [24, 43, 44]; Bifidobacterium adolescentis [24]	Intestinibacter [1, 24]; Clostridium [12]; Eubacterium [12]	T2DM patients [1, 24, 30]; Old women with T2DM [12]; HFD-fed mice [43, 44]
α-Glucosidase inhibitors	Acarbose	Bifidobacterium longum [23, 55]; Lactobacillus gasseri [23]; Lactobacillus [58]; Dialister [58]	Bacteroides plebeius [23]; Bacteroides dorei/vulgatus [23]; Clostridium bolteae [23]; Butyricicoccus [58]; Phascolarctobacterium [58]; Ruminococcus [58]	T2DM patients [23, 55]; Prediabetic patients [58]
PPAR-γ partial agonist (Chinese medicine)	Danshensu Bingpian Zhi	Akkermansia muciniphila [67]	Helicobacter marmotae [67]	HFD-fed mice [67]
DPP-4 inhibitor	Vildagliptin	Bacteroidetes [68]	Prevotellaceae [68]; Ruminococcaceae [68]	HFD/STZ SD rats [68]
	Sitagliptin	Roseburia [13]; Bifdobacterium [13]	Blautia [13]	HF/HC-STZ SD rats [13]

T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; HFD: high-fat diet; PPAR-γ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; STZ: streptozotocin; HF/HC: high fat/high carbohydrate; SD rats: Sprague Dawley rats.