Research Article
Arterial Stiffness Is Associated with Peripheral Sensory Neuropathy in Diabetes Patients in Ghana
Table 1
General characteristics of study participants by diabetes status.
| | All participants () | T2DM () | Non-DM () | |
| | Females, n (%) | 175 (50) | 108 (45) | 67 (60.1) | 0.15 | | Hypertension, n (%) | 179 (52.6) | 137 (57.1) | 42 (38.2) | | | Age (yrs) | 54.1 ± 10.2 | 53.7 ± 10.1 | 54.6 ± 10.3 | 0.54 | | Duration of diabetes (yrs) | 10.4 ± 7.8 | 10.4 ± 7.8 | | | | Weight (kg) | 79.5 ± 14.9 | 79.9 ± 15.5 | 79 ± 14.3 | 0.672 | | Height (cm) | 166 ± 8.4 | 167 ± 8 | 164 ± 9 | 0.061 | | BMI (kg/m2) | 29.1 ± 5.7 | 28.9 ± 5.9 | 29.4 ± 5.5 | 0.571 | | Waist circumference (cm) | 98 ± 14 | 99 ± 12 | 96 ± 15 | 0.073 | | Waist-hip ratio | 0.91 ± 0.11 | 0.92 ± 0.07 | 0.9 ± 0.14 | 0.382 | | Systolic BP (mmHg) | 139 ± 30 | 141 ± 26 | 135 ± 34 | 0.174 | | Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 83 ± 13 | 83 ± 13 | 82 ± 14 | 0.594 | | Pulse BP (mmHg) | 59 ± 14 | 59 ± 14 | 58 ± 13 | 0.485 | | Heart rate (bpm) | 71 ± 17 | 75 ± 13 | 65 ± 19 | <0.01 | | FPG (mmol/l) | 6.9 ± 3.2 | 8.4 ± 2.9 | 5 ± 2.5 | <0.01 | | 2h-PPG (mmol/l) | 7.8 ± 1.4 | | 7.8 ± 1.4 | | | Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.586 | | Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.7 ± 1.5 | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | | HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.025 | | LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.2 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | | PWVao (m/s) | 8.8 ± 1.6 | 9 ± 1.5 | 7.8 ± 1.7 | 0.006 | | AIx (%) | 29 ± 14.6 | 27.1 ± 14.7 | 34 ± 12.9 | <0.001 | | Aortic systolic BP (mmHg) | 143 ± 29 | 137 ± 28 | 145 ± 29 | 0.034 | | Aortic pulse BP (mmHg) | 55 ± 24 | 58 ± 19 | 63 ± 26 | 0.082 | | CAVI | 7.6 ± 1.3 | 7.8 ± 1.1 | 7.1 ± 1.1 | 0.004 | | haPWV (m/s) | 7.7 ± 1.7 | 7.9 ± 1.9 | 7.5 ± 1.2 | 0.094 | | VPT (V) | 11.9 ± 6.2 | 15.1 ± 7.8 | 7.3 ± 3.8 | <0.001 | | PSN, n (%) | 58 (16.6) | 47 (19.4) | 11 (10) | <0.001 |
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