Advanced Glycation End Products Enhance Murine Monocyte Proliferation in Bone Marrow and Prime Them into an Inflammatory Phenotype through MAPK Signaling

Figure 3

AGEs enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and GM-CSF in monocytes in vitro. For (a) and (b), CD115⁺ monocytes were treated with different concentrations of AGEs (50, 150, and 300 μg/mL) for 24 h; BSA was used as the control. Cells were then harvested, and RNA was extracted for real-time PCR tests. (a) Effects of AGEs on mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). (b) Effects of AGEs on gene expression of GM-CSF and M-CSF. Bar graphs represent the results (mean ± SD) of four independent experiments. , , and compared to the control group. For (c), the monocytes were treated with or without AGEs (300 μg/mL) for 48 h; BSA was used as the control. The supernatant fluid was collected for ELISA detection. (c) Effect of AGEs on GM-CSF and M-CSF secretion by bone marrow monocytes. Bar graphs represent the results (mean ± SD) of three independent experiments. and compared to the control group.

(a)

(b)

(c)