Interactions between and Shared Molecular Mechanisms of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Table 2

Summary of shared molecular mechanisms involved in DPN and OSA.

Common neuromodulators	Changes in DPN	Changes in OSA
Glutamate	Increased release [202]	High levels [203]
Noradrenaline	Increased levels [205]	Plasma and 24 h urinary noradrenaline increased [204]
Acetylcholine (Ach)	Attenuated Ach synthesis [206, 207]	Induce vasodilation [208]
Dopamine	Increased/decreased in different regions of the nerve system	Not correlated with OSA [209]
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)	Decrease in diabetic neuropathy patients [211]	Reduced GABA levels in OSA [203]

DPN: diabetic peripheral neuropathy; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea.