Remote Lifestyle Coaching Plus a Connected Glucose Meter with Certified Diabetes Educator Support Improves Glucose and Weight Loss for People with Type 2 Diabetes
Table 1
Descriptive characteristics of the study populations.
All participants
Livongo only
Livongo + scale
Livongo + scale + lightweight coaching
Livongo + scale + intensive coaching
ANOVA value
330
75
115
73
67
Gender, female
184 (55.8%)
45 (60%)
57 (49.6%)
38 (52.8%)
44 (65.7%)
0.14
Mean age (years)
50.3 ± 9.6
52.8 ± 11.2
49.8 ± 9.5
51.3 ± 9.8
49.9 ± 9.74
0.19
Race
White/caucasian
212 (64.2%)
45 (60%)
73 (63.5%)
50 (68.5%)
44 (65.7%)
0.74
Hispanic/latino/mexican
3 (0.9%)
0 (0%)
2 (1.7%)
0 (0%)
1 (1.5%)
0.48
Black/african american
36 (10.9%)
9 (12%)
11 (9.6%)
10 (13.7%)
6 (9%)
0.76
Unknown race
39 (11.8%)
14 (18.7%)
18 (15.7%)
2 (2.7%)
5 (7.5%)
0.51
Insulin use
No insulin use
189 (57.3%)
36 (48%)
57 (49.6%)
52 (71.2%)
44 (65.7%)
0.007
Once/day insulin use
58 (17.6%)
14 (18.7%)
21 (18.3%)
10 (13.7%)
13 (19.4%)
0.80
More than once/day insulin use
71 (21.5%)
25 (33.3%)
27 (23.5%)
11 (15.1%)
8 (11.9%)
0.008
Mean number of days in Livongo program at start of intervention
229 ± 130
217 ± 85
228 ± 143
233 ± 138
243 ± 145
0.71
There are no statistically significant differences in these baseline characteristics among groups except that the participants randomized to the lightweight intervention were significantly less likely to be on insulin than control participants.
