Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Effect of Disease and Psychosocial-Related Correlates on Health-Related Quality of Life
Table 1
Participants’ characteristics of type I diabetes ().
Characteristics
Men ()— 51.1%
Women ()— 48.9%
Difference value
Age, mean (years) ± SD
34.7 ± 7.4
36.1 ± 6.4
0.001
Marital status, (%)
Single
41 (9.40)
24 (5.8)
0.643
Married
299 (68.6)
297 (71.2)
Widow
71 (16.3)
29 (7.0)
Separated
25 (5.7)
67 (16.1)
Education status, (%)
Primary
80 (18.3)
22 (5.3)
0.021
Intermediate
129 (29.6)
69 (16.5)
Secondary
201 (16.1)
207 (49.6)
University
26 (6.0)
159 (38.1)
Occupation, (%)
Government
95 (21.8)
101 (24.3)
0.77
Private
87 (20.0)
84 (20.1)
Business
254 (85.2)
232 (55.6)
Diabetes exposure, mean (years) ± SD
15.5 ± 4.3
12.9 ± 6.8
0.001
Glycosylated hemoglobin, mean ± SD
9.3 ± 0.8
8.9 ± 1.3
0.485
Comorbidity, (%)
Congestive heart failure
147 (33.7)
284 (68.1)
0.001
Hyperlipidemia
239 (54.8)
113 (27.1)
Mild renal disease
11 (2.6)
7 (1.7)
None
39 (8.9)
13 (3.1)
Mental healthł, mean ± SD
5.73 ± 2.14
6.98 ± 1.71
0.013
Health perception≠, mean ± SD
4.11 ± 1.22
6.46 ± 1.53
0.001
Role functioning, (%)
Impaired
140 (32.1)
205 (49.2)
0.189
Normal
296 (67.9)
212 (50.8)
Social functioning, (%)
Impaired
96 (22.0)
101 (24.2)
0.014
Normal
340 (78.0)
316 (75.8)
Physical functioning
Impairments
138 (31.7)
169 (40.5)
0.017
No impairments
298 (68.3)
248 (59.5)
Pain, (%)—yes
188 (43.1)
271 (64.9)
0.001
Problem areas in diabetes (PAID) (diabetes distress scale), mean ± SD┼
36.4 ± 11.83
48.1 ± 10.51
0.011
Age range = 20–63 years, łRange = 0–10, ≠Range = 0–10, ┼Range = (0–100), —Participants scoring ≥ 40 predicts “emotional burnout” in contrast participants with drop to ≤10 indicative for denial.
