Research Article
The Effect of Thyroid Dysfunction on the Cardiovascular Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Ghana
Table 2
Demographic and clinical characteristics of T2DM participants based on CHD risk.
| | Test parameters | Total | CHD risk | p | | Low | Moderate | High |
| | Number (%) | 780 (100) | 424 (54.4) | 210 (26.9) | 146 (18.7) | | | Age, mean ± SD | 59.2 ± 8.6 | 56.6 ± 7.9 | 61.6 ± 8.5 | 62.9 ± 8.4 | <0.0001 | | Female gender, n (%) | 450 (57.7) | 326 (76.9) | 124 (59.0) | 52 (35.6) | <0.0001 | | Age at diagnosis, mean ± SD | 51.3 ± 9.0 | 47.4 ± 7.2 | 52.8 ± 7.9 | 54.2 ± 10.2 | <0.0004 | | BMI, median (IQR) | 27 (24.1–30.8) | 27 (24–29.5) | 26.7 (23–30.9) | 27 (24–30.9) | 0.37 | | Waist circumference, median (IQR) | 98 (88–108) | 87.3 (95.5–105) | 107 (99–114) | 95 (85–109) | <0.0001 | | Central obesity, n (%) | 582 (74.6) | 256 (60.4) | 190 (90.5) | 136 (93.2) | <0.0001 | | Fasting glucose, median (IQR) | 8.6 (6.7–13.0) | 8.2 (6.7–12.9) | 8.6 (6–12.5) | 9.4 (7.1–14) | 0.37 | | Hba1c (%), median (IQR) | 8.2 (7–9.8) | 7.9 (6.9–9.5) | 8.7 (6.9–9.9) | 8.4 (7.3–10) | <0.0001 | | Abnormal glycemic control (>7%) | 516 (66.2) | 232 (54.7) | 160 (76.2) | 124 (84.9) | <0.001 | | Total cholesterol, median (IQR) | 5.3 (4.3–6.65) | 5.0 (4.1–5.9) | 5.7 (4.7–6.9) | 6.1 (6–7.9) | <0.0001 | | Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 400 (51.3) | 196 (46.2) | 112 (53.3) | 92 (63.0) | <0.0001 | | Triglycerides, median (IQR) | 0.95 (1.22–1.6) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.7) | 1.4 (1.0–1.7) | 0.06 | | LDL-C, median (IQR) | 3.3 (2.3–4.2) | 3.2 (2.2–3.8) | 3.6 (2.6–4.4) | 4.19 (3.2–5) | <0.0001 | | High LDL, n (%) | 470 (60.3) | 216 (50.9) | 136 (64.8) | 118 (80.8) | <0.0001 | | HDL-C, median (IQR) | 1.2 (1–1.43) | 1.2 (1–1.5) | 1.2 (1–1.4) | 1.1 (1–1.32) | 0.14 | | Low HDL-C, n (%) | 108 (13.8) | 26 (6.1) | 38 (18.1) | 44 (30.1) | <0.0001 | | Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 462 (59.2) | 212 (50.0) | 124 (59.1) | 126 (86.3) | <0.00001 | | Systolic blood pressure, median (IQR) | 140 (130–152) | 140 (130–150) | 140 (130–154) | 148 (130–160) | 0.14 | | Diastolic blood pressure, median (IQR) | 80 (80–90) | 80 (80–90) | 80 (70–90) | 80 (80–90) | 0.78 | | Hypertension, n (%) | 602 (77.9) | 304 (71.7) | 158 (75.2) | 140 (95.9) | <0.001 | | Alcohol, n (%) | 234 (30.0) | 108 (25.5) | 62 (29.5) | 64 (43.8) | <0.0001 | | Current smokers, n (%) | 58 (7.4) | 26 (6.1) | 16 (7.6) | 18 (12.3) | <0.0001 |
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CHD: coronary heart disease; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IQR: interquartile range, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SD: standard deviation. statistically significant. |
