Teens with Type 1 Diabetes: How Does Their Nutrition Measure Up?

Table 4

Multivariable associations between demographic and nutritional variables and nutrition-associated health measures.

	Systolic BP			Diastolic BP			HbA1C
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	0.09	0.11	0.12	0.04	0.06	0.08	0.14	0.20	0.21
	β	β	β	β	β	β	β	β	β
Demographic variables
Age	2.14	2.09	2.05	0.92	0.92	0.66	0.19	0.17	0.17
Duration	0.42	0.43	0.37	—	—	0.11	—	—	0.009
SES^2	—	—	1.32	—	—	0.26	0.50	0.44	0.46
Ethnicity^3	2.94	2.51	2.39	2.77	2.89	1.85	0.36	0.44	0.42
Insulin regimen^4	—	—	−2.40	—	—	1.03	0.35	0.26	0.26
Nutrition variables
Fats (% energy intake)	—	—	0.11	—	−0.03	0.09	—	0.05^,5	0.05
Carbohydrates (% energy intake)	—	—	0.11	—	0.11	0.27	—	0.005^5	0.004
Proteins (% energy intake)	—	0.36	0.47	—	—	0.31	—	0.04	0.04
Dietary fiber	—	—	−0.00	—	—	−0.12	—	−0.02	−0.02

¹Estimates based on linear regression analysis. Model 1 includes demographic variables significant at in bivariate models. Model 2 includes variables in model 1 + nutrition variables significant at in bivariate models. Model 3 is a fully saturated model that includes all variables significant for any outcome in bivariate models. ²SES: categorical with lower categories indicating higher SES. ³Non-Caucasian coded as 0 vs. Caucasian coded as 1. ⁴Conventional coded as 0 vs. flexible coded as 1. ⁵Categorical “not in range” or “less/more than recommended” as 0 vs. “in range” as 1. ; ; .