Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and the Risk of Pancreatitis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of matched pairs among all patients and among patients with and those without underlying cardiovascular disease.
Total patients
Patients with underlying CVD
Patients without underlying CVD
SU
DPP-4i
SU
DPP-4i
SU
DPP-4i
N
13,091
13,091
3457
3457
9575
9575
Age (SD)
58.8 (12.9)
58.5 (12.5)
64.4 (11.6)
64.2 (11.4)
56.6 (12.8)
56.2 (12.5)
Sex (male, percent)
57.25
57.20
52.16
51.92
59.37
58.88
Hypertension
58.35
58.00
85.02
85.07
48.51
48.08
Dyslipidemia
58.99
59.62
74.34
74.49
53.67
54.39
Chronic kidney disease
5.22
5.32
8.53
8.71
4.13
4.47
Connective tissue disease
4.64
4.56
6.91
6.97
3.66
3.83
Cancer
6.55
6.66
8.16
8.42
5.83
5.97
Inflammatory bowel disease
0.17
0.15
0.23
0.20
0.13
0.14
Alcohol use
5.65
5.78
5.67
5.93
5.75
5.81
Tobacco use
0.05
0.07
0.17
0.14
0.02
0.02
Obesity
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.09
0.09
0.13
Hypoglycemia
0.53
0.50
1.01
0.95
0.33
0.36
Microvascular complications of diabetes
Neuropathy
8.08
8.07
11.40
11.89
6.75
6.80
Nephropathy
4.19
4.13
6.07
6.36
3.56
3.78
Retinopathy
7.04
7.04
9.78
9.63
5.92
5.86
Disorder of hepatobiliary system
Acute pancreatitis
0.60
0.60
0.84
0.81
0.52
0.50
Chronic pancreatitis
0.34
0.34
0.43
0.43
0.29
0.31
Gallstones
1.78
1.78
2.55
2.43
1.55
1.48
Liver cirrhosis
1.69
1.80
1.85
1.71
1.75
1.84
Primary biliary cirrhosis
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
0.13
0.15
0.20
0.23
0.14
0.11
Cardiovascular disease
AMI
1.65
1.66
6.22
5.90
Other ischemic heart disease
13.20
12.99
50.04
49.93
Other heart disease
11.01
10.98
40.90
41.42
Cerebral infarction
6.12
6.07
22.88
22.56
Cerebrovascular event
7.79
7.72
28.90
28.52
Peripheral artery disease
1.05
1.01
3.99
3.73
Medication use
Antidiabetic medicine
Metformin
72.00
71.51
70.44
69.89
72.43
72.16
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
6.24
6.11
8.39
8.16
5.48
5.47
Thiazolidinediones
4.58
4.64
4.98
5.09
4.42
4.31
Meglitinide
2.47
2.35
3.48
3.37
2.01
1.99
SGLT2i
0.12
0.11
0.06
0.12
0.14
0.16
Insulin
11.19
11.31
17.50
17.53
8.77
9.21
Loop diuretics
6.57
6.76
15.30
14.93
3.38
3.84
Lipid-lowering agents
Statin
33.89
34.49
49.67
50.10
28.31
28.81
Fibrate
4.77
4.93
5.87
5.67
4.30
4.72
Ezetimibe
1.67
1.75
3.15
3.38
1.09
1.44
PPI
13.75
13.61
18.28
18.14
11.99
12.32
ACEI/ARB
38.14
38.04
58.03
58.40
31.13
30.68
Pancreatobiliary procedure
ERCP
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.12
0.11
0.13
Data presented as frequencies in percentage or means (standard deviation). Confirmed by diagnosis code (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision). The mean (standard deviation [SD]) standardized differences of all covariables were 0.46% (0.42%), 0.83% (0.48%), and 0.69% (0.71%) in all patients, those with underlying CVD, and those without underlying CVD, respectively. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ARB: angiotensin II receptor antagonists; CVD: cardiovascular disease; DPP-4i: dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitor; ERCP: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; N: number of patients; PPI: proton pump inhibitor; SD: standard deviation; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; SU: sulfonylurea.
