Determinants of Change in Glycemic Status in Individuals with Prediabetes: Results from a Nationwide Cohort Study in Germany
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of individuals with prediabetes at baseline () according to HbA1c-defined glycemic status at follow-up.
Regression to normoglycemia
Remained prediabetic
Progression to
Undiagnosed diabetes
Diagnosed diabetes
(%)
300 (33.8%)
364 (46.2%)
52 (7.2%)
101 (12.8%)
Unmodifiable risk factors
Sociodemographic factors
Age (years)
48.5 (45.9; 51.1)
49.6 (47.6; 51.7)
53.8 (50.5; 57.2)
57.0 (54.8; 59.2)
Male sex
53.3 (46.5; 60.1)
61.5 (54.8; 67.8)
48.1 (30.4; 66.2)
41.6 (31.1; 52.9)
Educational level
Low
52.2 (45.0; 59.4)
52.6 (45.6; 59.6)
52.4 (34.2; 70.2)
71.8 (61.6; 82.0)
Medium/high
47.8 (40.6; 55.0)
47.4 (40.4; 54.4)
47.3 (29.8; 65.8)
28.2 (18.0; 38.4)
Family history of diabetes
At least one parent with diabetes
27.1 (19.6; 34.5)
35.4 (29.9; 40.8)
31.1 (10.6; 51.6)
46.7 (34.6; 58.8)
Modifiable risk factors
Anthropometric markers
BMI (kg/m2)
26.6 (25.8; 27.3)
27.5 (27.0; 28.1)
29.6 (28.5; 30.6)
30.4 (29.3; 31.6)
Waist circumference (cm)
91.1 (89.1; 93.1)
94.3 (92.8; 95.7)
98.6 (94.7; 102.5)
101.3 (98.0; 104.5)
Lifestyle factors
Any sport activity per week
44.9 (37.5; 52.4)
51.2 (44.3; 58.1)
43.8 (29.1; 59.9)
39.6 (29.8; 49.4)
Smoker at baseline
Never
36.9 (30.4; 43.4)
38.2 (31.4; 45.0)
51.2 (36.5; 65.9)
43.9 (33.1; 54.7)
Former
16.7 (11.7; 21.7)
24.7 (19.7; 29.7)
26.7 (15.6; 42.1)
25.2 (15.7; 34.8)
Current
46.4 (39.1; 53.8)
37.1 (30.9; 43.3)
21.8 (11.9; 36.7)
30.9 (20.7; 41.1)
Intake of whole grains (portions/day)
1.3 (1.2; 1.5)
1.2 (1.1; 1.4)
1.0 (0.8; 1.2)
1.1 (1.0–1.3)
Intake of red meat (portions/day)
0.58 (0.55; 0.60)
0.59 (0.57; 0.61)
0.54 (0.50; 0.58)
0.52 (0.47–0.57)
Intake of coffee (cups/day)
3.2 (2.9; 3.4)
3.1 (2.8; 3.3)
2.8 (2.4; 3.1)
2.8 (2.4; 3.2)
Residential traffic intensity
Heavy/extreme residential traffic intensity
25.5 (18.3; 32.7)
23.5 (17.7; 29.4)
28.1 (13.5; 49.6)
33.5 (22.8; 44.2)
Mental distress (points)
73.9 (71.6; 76.1)
75.4 (73.3; 77.4)
79.0 (74.2; 83.7)
70.9 (67.0; 74.8)
GDRS (points)
538 (514; 563)
575 (557; 592)
633 (599; 666)
690 (661; 720)
Metabolic markers
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
56.4 (53.5; 59.4)
52.4 (50.4; 54.6)
51.3 (47.9; 54.9)
50.3 (47.5; 53.2)
Triglycerides (mg/dl)
121.9 (111.0; 133.8)
144.1 (134.2; 154.7)
187.0 (150.2; 232.9)
175.2 (155.0; 198.0)
GGT (U/l)
13.9 (12.7; 15.1)
15.6 (14.6; 16.7)
18.9 (16.2; 22.1)
20.1 (17.2; 23.5)
ALT (U/l)
12.3 (11.4; 13.2)
12.7 (12.0; 13.5)
16.0 (13.3; 19.2)
15.0 (13.5; 16.5)
hs-CRP (mg/l)
1.4 (1.1; 1.7)
1.3 (1.2; 1.5)
1.4 (0.9; 2.3)
2.3 (1.7; 3.1)
Information is given as weighted proportions (95% CI) for categorical variables, as weighted arithmetic mean (95% CI) for continuous variables, and in case of metabolic markers and predicted 5-year diabetes risk as weighted geometric mean (95% CI). Differences in proportions and means between groups of glycemic status (reference group: remained prediabetic) were assessed by logistic regression and ANOVA. Bold numbers indicate .
