Journal of Diabetes Research

Research Article

Determinants of Change in Glycemic Status in Individuals with Prediabetes: Results from a Nationwide Cohort Study in Germany

Table 2

Multivariable adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for associations between risk factors of type 2 diabetes and change in glycemic status during follow-up among individuals with prediabetes at baseline ().


Risk factor at baseline		Regression to normoglycemia	Remained prediabetic	Progression to
Risk factor at baseline		Regression to normoglycemia	Remained prediabetic	Undiagnosed diabetes	Diagnosed diabetes

(%)		300 (33.8%)	364 (46.2%)	52 (7.2%)	101 (12.8%)
Unmodifiable risk factors
Sociodemographic factors
Age (per year)	Model 1	0.99 (0.97; 1.01)	1.00 (ref)	1.02 (1.00; 1.04)	1.04 (1.02; 1.06)
Sex (male vs. female)	Model 1	0.67 (0.46; 0.98)	1.00 (ref)	0.66 (0.30; 1.44)	0.56 (0.33; 0.97)
Educational level (low vs. middle/high)	Model 1	1.03 (0.69; 1.54)	1.00 (ref)	0.82 (0.38; 1.77)	1.72 (0.90; 3.30)
Family history of diabetes
At least one parent with diabetes (yes vs. no)	Model 1	0.65 (0.41; 1.03)	1.00 (ref)	0.85 (0.31; 2.35)	1.82 (1.05; 3.15)
Modifiable risk factors
Anthropometric markers
BMI (per 1 kg/m²)	Model 1	0.95 (0.90; 1.01)	1.00 (ref)	1.09 (1.03; 1.16)	1.12 (1.05; 1.19)
BMI (per 1 kg/m²)	Model 2	0.95 (0.90; 1.00)	1.00 (ref)	1.10 (1.02; 1.18)	1.13 (1.06; 1.21)
Waist circumference (per 1 cm)	Model 1	0.98 (0.96; 1.00)	1.00 (ref)	1.04 (1.01; 1.07)	1.06 (1.03; 1.09)
Waist circumference (per 1 cm)	Model 2	0.98 (0.96; 1.00)	1.00 (ref)	1.04 (1.01; 1.07)	1.06 (1.03; 1.09)
Lifestyle factors
Sport (no sport vs. any sport)	Model 1	1.29 (0.89; 1.88)	1.00 (ref)	1.28 (0.64; 2.55)	1.48 (0.88; 2.50)
Sport (no sport vs. any sport)	Model 2	1.39 (0.96; 2.01)	1.00 (ref)	1.04 (0.47; 2.27)	0.93 (0.52; 1.65)
Smoker (former vs. never)	Model 1	0.81 (0.49; 1.33)	1.00 (ref)	0.94 (0.37; 2.47)	1.22 (0.62; 2.42)
Smoker (former vs. never)	Model 2	0.79 (0.48; 1.30)	1.00 (ref)	0.96 (0.39; 2.36)	1.21 (0.59; 2.48)
Smoker (current vs. never)	Model 1	1.40 (0.87; 2.27)	1.00 (ref)	0.57 (0.24; 1.33)	1.42 (0.75; 2.66)
Smoker (current vs. never)	Model 2	1.29 (0.79; 2.13)	1.00 (ref)	0.59 (0.23; 1.52)	1.58 (0.78; 3.20)
Intake of whole grains (per portion)	Model 1	1.12 (0.90; 1.39)	1.00 (ref)	0.69 (0.46; 1.03)	0.89 (0.63; 1.27)
Intake of whole grains (per portion)	Model 2	1.18 (0.95; 1.46)	1.00 (ref)	0.68 (0.44; 1.06)	0.95 (0.64; 1.40)
Intake of red meat (per portion)	Model 1	1.42 (0.41; 4.86)	1.00 (ref)	0.54 (0.09; 3.44)	0.41 (0.05; 3.46)
Intake of red meat (per portion)	Model 2	1.82 (0.52; 6.30)	1.00 (ref)	0.36 (0.06; 2.24)	0.31 (0.03; 3.00)
Intake of coffee (per cup)	Model 1	1.04 (0.92; 1.18)	1.00 (ref)	0.91 (0.77; 1.08)	0.94 (0.77; 1.14)
Intake of coffee (per cup)	Model 2	1.03 (0.90; 1.17)	1.00 (ref)	0.91 (0.74; 1.11)	0.88 (0.71; 1.10)
Residential traffic intensity (heavy/extreme vs. rare/considerable)	Model 1	1.13 (0.71; 1.78)	1.00 (ref)	1.25 (0.49; 3.21)	1.60 (0.99; 2.58)
	Model 2	1.10 (0.70; 1.74)	1.00 (ref)	1.25 (0.51; 3.09)	1.30 (0.76; 2.23)
Mental distress (per 10 points)	Model 1	0.97 (0.85; 1.09)	1.00 (ref)	1.19 (0.93; 1.51)	0.86 (0.72; 1.02)
Mental distress (per 10 points)	Model 2	0.99 (0.87; 1.12)	1.00 (ref)	1.18 (0.92; 1.51)	0.86 (0.72; 1.03)
GDRS (per 10 points)	Unadjusted	0.98 (0.97; 1.00)	1.00 (ref)	1.03 (1.01; 1.06)	1.07 (1.04; 1.10)
Metabolic markers
HDL cholesterol (per 10 mg/dl)	Model 1	1.16 (1.01; 1.33)	1.00 (ref)	0.87 (0.69; 1.08)	0.74 (0.62; 0.89)
HDL cholesterol (per 10 mg/dl)	Model 2	1.17 (1.02; 1.35)	1.00 (ref)	0.90 (0.71; 1.14)	0.85 (0.70; 1.04)
Triglycerides (per 10 mg/dl)	Model 1	0.98 (0.96; 1.01)	1.00 (ref)	1.04 (1.01; 1.06)	1.03 (1.01; 1.05)
Triglycerides (per 10 mg/dl)	Model 2	0.99 (0.96; 1.01)	1.00 (ref)	1.03 (1.01; 1.06)	1.02 (1.00; 1.04)
GGT (per 1 U/l)	Model 1	1.00 (0.98; 1.02)	1.00 (ref)	1.02 (1.01; 1.04)	1.03 (1.02; 1.05)
GGT (per 1 U/l)	Model 2	1.00 (0.98; 1.02)	1.00 (ref)	1.02 (1.00; 1.03)	1.03 (1.01; 1.04)
ALT (per 1 U/l)	Model 1	1.00 (0.97; 1.03)	1.00 (ref)	1.07 (1.03; 1.12)	1.08 (1.04; 1.12)
ALT (per 1 U/l)	Model 2	1.02 (0.98; 1.05)	1.00 (ref)	1.06 (1.01; 1.10)	1.07 (1.03; 1.10)
hs-CRP (per 1 mg/l)	Model 1	1.02 (0.99; 1.06)	1.00 (ref)	0.95 (0.84; 1.08)	1.02 (0.98; 1.05)
hs-CRP (per 1 mg/l)	Model 2	1.02 (0.99; 1.06)	1.00 (ref)	0.91 (0.76; 1.08)	0.98 (0.95; 1.02)

Bold numbers indicate statistically significant ORs (). For all individual risk factors, model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. For anthropometric markers, model 2 was additionally adjusted for educational level, lifestyle factors, residential traffic intensity, and mental distress. For lifestyle factors, residential traffic intensity, mental distress, and metabolic markers, model 2 was additionally adjusted for educational level, anthropometric markers, lifestyle factors, residential traffic intensity, and mental distress.