Vitamin D-Binding Protein Clearance Ratio Is Significantly Associated with Glycemic Status and Diabetes Complications in a Predominantly Vitamin D-Deficient Population

Table 1

Characteristics of study participants grouped by microalbuminuria status.

Variables	Microalbuminuria status
	Normoalbuminuric	Microalbuminuric	Macroalbuminuric
n	249	48	12
Age (years)	42.3 ± 17.6	52.5 ± 17.1	60.0 ± 10.8	<0.001
WC (cm)	99 ± 15	103 ± 13	109 ± 15	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)	127 ± 17	137 ± 20	148 ± 22	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	78 ± 13	80 ± 14	84 ± 13	0.013
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.16 ± 0.31	1.16 ± 0.26	1.14 ± 0.32	0.920
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.84 ± 0.90	2.64 ± 0.85	2.93 ± 0.94	0.658
ALP (IU/L)	76.65 ± 36.06	84.31 ± 49.74	89.0 ± 39.75	0.016
ALT (IU/L)	24.98 ± 16.0	23.31 ± 10.96	24.29 ± 10.99	0.783
TG (mmol/L)	1.41 ± 1.10	1.73 ± 1.02	1.80 ± 1.01	0.036
TC (mmol/L)	4.61 ± 1.02	4.59 ± 1.05	4.79 ± 1.05	0.708
Glucose (mmol/L)	7.11 ± 3.43	10.05 ± 4.39	11.41 ± 4.43	<0.001
HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol)	6.9 ± 2.0 (52)	8.7 ± 2.4 (72)	9.8 ± 2.4 (84)	<0.001
Serum creatinine (μmol/L)	61.60 ± 16.48	69.83 ± 33.39	86.38 ± 42.78	<0.001
Corrected calcium (mmol/L)	2.36 ± 0.15	2.39 ± 0.15	2.39 ± 0.09	0.001
Phosphate (mmol/L)	1.24 ± 0.20	1.26 ± 0.20	1.22 ± 0.16	0.845
Vitamin D (nmol/L)	44.55 ± 32.73	45.45 ± 33.27	57.85 ± 58.38	0.633
Plasma VDBP (μg/mL)	372.84 ± 112.67	373.52 ± 93.14	339.26 ± 60.07	0.378
Vitamin D/albumin	1.12 ± 0.85	1.19 ± 0.93	1.58 ± 1.59	0.655
Vitamin D/VDBP	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.364
VDBP clearance ratio	0.66 ± 1.02	4.01 ± 6.28	14.99 ± 10.24	<0.001
Urine VDBP (ng/mL)	53.96 ± 113.70	203.39 ± 297.02	541.48 ± 466.83	0.002
Urine microalbumin/creatinine (mg/g)	7.88 ± 5.90	83.54 ± 61.14	1064.79 ± 894.27	<0.001

WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein; ALP: alkaline phosphate; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; plasma VDBP: plasma vitamin D-binding protein; vitamin D/VDBP: vitamin D to vitamin D-binding protein ratio; VDBP clearance ratio: vitamin D-binding protein clearance ratio; urine VDBP: urine vitamin D-binding protein.