Research Article
Five-Year Predictors of Insulin Initiation in People with Type 2 Diabetes under Real-Life Conditions
Table 1
Baseline clinical characteristics of whole population and grouped by insulin treatment at follow-up.
| | All | No insulin | Insulin | | | | |
| | Male sex | 204940 (55.8%) | 175240 (56.0%) | 29700 (54.8%) | <0.001 | | Age (years) | 65 ± 11 | 65 ± 11 | 66 ± 11 | <0.001 | | Duration of diabetes (years) | 7 ± 8 | 6 ± 7 | 10 ± 9 | <0.001 | | BMI (kg/m2) | 30 ± 5 | 30 ± 5 | 29 ± 5 | <0.001 | | Waist circumference (cm) | 103 ± 13 | 103 ± 12 | 103 ± 13 | 0.205 | | Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.95 ± 0.53 | 0.95 ± 0.52 | 1.00 ± 0.60 | <0.001 | | eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 78 ± 19 | 79 ± 19 | 75 ± 21 | <0.001 | | eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 63635 (17.3%) | 50620 (16.2%) | 13015 (24.0%) | <0.001 | | Albuminuria | 31814 (21.1%) | 25661 (20.1%) | 6153 (27.4%) | <0.001 | | Microalbuminuria | 27125 (18.0%) | 22125 (17.3%) | 5000 (22.2%) | <0.001 | | Macroalbuminuria | 4689 (3.1%) | 3536 (2.8%) | 1153 (5.1%) | <0.001 | | Serum uric acid (mg/dl) | 5.5 ± 1.9 | 5.5 ± 1.9 | 5.4 ± 1.8 | <0.001 | | Serum uric acid in the quintile | 31171 (18.9%) | 26503 (18.8%) | 4668 (19.0%) | <0.001 | | HbA1c (%) | 7.3 ± 1.6 | 7.2 ± 1.5 | 8.0 ± 1.6 | <0.001 | | HbA1c ≥ 7% | 179176 (50.2%) | 140643 (46.2%) | 38533 (72.9%) | <0.001 | | Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 198 ± 43 | 198 ± 42 | 198 ± 43 | <0.001 | | Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 156 ± 121 | 154 ± 118 | 166 ± 139 | <0.001 | | Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dl | 126931 (38.7%) | 106597 (38.0%) | 20334 (42.9%) | <0.001 | | HDL (mg/dl) | 50 ± 14 | 50 ± 14 | 50 ± 14 | <0.001 | | HDL < 40 mg/dl (M), <50 mg/dl (F) | 108975 (34.0%) | 92748 (33.8%) | 16227 (35.0%) | <0.001 | | LDL (mg/dl) | 118 ± 36 | 119 ± 36 | 117 ± 36 | <0.001 | | LDL ≥ 100 mg/dl | 216751 (68.6%) | 186353 (68.9%) | 30398 (67.0%) | <0.001 | | Systolic BP (mmHg) | 140 ± 19 | 140 ± 19 | 142 ± 20 | <0.001 | | Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 81 ± 10 | 81 ± 10 | 81 ± 10 | <0.001 | | BP ≥ 140/85 mmHg | 192966 (62.4%) | 163268 (61.9%) | 29698 (64.9%) | <0.001 | | Nonproliferative retinopathy | 19410 (5.3%) | 14516 (4.6%) | 4894 (9.0%) | <0.001 | | Proliferative retinopathy | 4479 (1.2%) | 3183 (1.0%) | 1296 (2.4%) | <0.001 | | Smokers | 33276 (17.2%) | 28479 (17.1%) | 4797 (18.2%) | <0.001 | | Lipid-lowering treatment | 140692 (38.3%) | 121976 (39.0%) | 18716 (34.5%) | <0.001 | | Treatment with statins | 127489 (34.7%) | 110893 (35.5%) | 16596 (30.6%) | <0.001 | | Treatment with fibrates | 8399 (2.3%) | 6985 (2.2%) | 1414 (2.6%) | <0.001 | | Antihypertensive treatment | 214395 (58.4%) | 182658 (58.4%) | 31737 (58.5%) | 0.003 | | Treatment with ACE-Is/ARBs | 177232 (48.3%) | 150950 (48.3%) | 26282 (48.5%) | 0.003 | | Aspirin | 60816 (16.6%) | 51548 (16.5%) | 9268 (17.1%) | <0.001 | | Diet | 42056 (11.5%) | 40220 (12.9%) | 1836 (3.4%) | <0.001 | | Biguanides and sulphonylureas | 159664 (43.5%) | 124017 (39.7%) | 35647 (65.7%) | — | | Biguanides | 99718 (27.2%) | 93745 (30.0%) | 5973 (11.0%) | <0.001 | | Sulphonylureas | 62276 (17.0%) | 51751 (16.5%) | 10525 (19.4%) | <0.001 | | Glitazones | 3241 (0.9%) | 3002 (1.0%) | 239 (0.4%) | <0.001 |
|
|
Mean ± SD or absolute frequency (percentage). ACE-Is: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs: angiotensin II receptor antagonists; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; GGT: gamma-glutamyltransferase; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Serum uric acid gender specific quintile: females > 6.3 mg/dl and males > 6.8 mg/dl. Patients’ baseline missing data: duration of diabetes 34769 (9.5%), BMI 42789 (11.7%), waist circumference 281370 (76.7%), albuminuria 216481 (59.0%), serum uric acid 201675 (55.0%), HbA1c 9865 (2.7%), total cholesterol 35355 (9.6%), triglycerides 38722 (10.6%), HDL 46234 (12.6%), LDL 51112 (13.9%), systolic and diastolic BP (mmHg) 57478 (15.7%), and smoking status 173783 (47.4%).
|
