Maternal Nutrition during Early Pregnancy and Cardiometabolic Status of Neonates at Birth
Table 1
Baseline characteristics at first visit and anthropometric measurements of mothers.
Variables
Overall
Underweight (BMI ≤ 18.5)
Normal (BMI 18.6–23)
Overweight (BMI ≥ 23)
n
301
63
130
108
Age (years)†♦
24.78 ± 4.89
23.52 ± 5.08
24.34 ± 4.68
26.05 ± 4.79
Gestational age (weeks)
At first visit
9.78 ± 2.30
9.54 ± 2.40
9.79 ± 2.25
9.92 ± 2.30
At delivery†♦
38.39 ± 2.13
37.97 ± 2.18
38.09 ± 1.8
38.98 ± 2.37
Gestational diabetes†♦
47 (15.9%)
6 (9.7%)
16 (12.6%)
25 (23.4%)
Parity
Primary
85 (29.1%)
24 (40.0%)
35 (27.8%)
26 (24.5%)
Multi
207 (70.9%)
36 (60.0%)
91 (72.2%)
80 (75.5%)
Weight (kg)†♦
54.37 ± 11.87
42.31 ± 4.57
50.53 ± 4.78
66.02 ± 10.71
Height (cm)
155.95 ± 5.82
156.69 ± 6.04
155.65 ± 5.57
155.87 ± 6.00
BMI (kg/m2)†♦
22.45 ± 4.69
17.23 ± 1.07
20.95 ± 1.34
27.31 ± 4.02
Waist circumference (cm)†♦
74.13 ± 9.63
64.06 ± 4.13
71.67 ± 5.44
82.97 ± 8.27
Hip circumference (cm)†♦
91.48 ± 10.57
81.02 ± 5.16
88.78 ± 7.02
100.82 ± 8.79
WHR†♦
0.81 ± 0.05
0.79 ± 0.04
0.81 ± 0.04
0.82 ± 0.05
MUAC (cm)†♦
25.07 ± 3.56
21.77 ± 1.98
24.19 ± 2.41
28.09 ± 3.14
Bicep thickness (mm)†♦
13.35 ± 12.14
11.39 ± 13.45
11.49 ± 9.55
18.37 ± 13.69
Tricep thickness (mm)†♦
19.96 ± 12.65
13.48 ± 10.84
20.16 ± 12.72
27.02 ± 10.67
Systolic BP (mmHg)†♦
107.48 ± 9.33
104.84 ± 9.63
105.65 ± 9.26
111.21 ± 8.03
Diastolic BP (mmHg)†♦
70.61 ± 7.31
69.44 ± 6.10
70.00 ± 7.39
72.04 ± 7.67
Data presented as the mean ± SD or n (%); value < 0.05 is considered statistically significant; significance difference b/w underweight and normal weight; †significance difference b/w underweight and overweight; ♦significance difference b/w normal weight and overweight.
