Relationship of Hyperglycaemia, Hypoglycaemia, and Glucose Variability to Atherosclerotic Disease in Type 2 Diabetes

Table 3

Demographic and clinical findings of subjects with and without macrovascular disease.

Variable	No macrovascular disease ()	Macrovascular disease ()	value
Age (years)^†	66 (62–69)	61 (54.25–67)	0.001
Male : female (n (%))	34 (69.4) : 15 (30.6)	55 (76.4) : 17 (23.6)	0.41
Diabetes duration (years)^†	3.5 (2–5)	3 (2–4)	0.23
Smoking (current/ex/nonsmokers) (n (%))	4 (8.1)/19 (38.8)/26 (53.1)	18 (25.0)/22 (30.6)/32 (44.4)	0.06
Hypertension (n (%))	29 (59.18)	51 (70.83)	0.24
Hyperlipidaemia (n (%))	36 (73.47)	51 (70.83)	0.84
CKD (n (%))	2 (4.08)	7 (9.72)	0.31
Metformin (n (%))	44 (89.80)	65 (90.28)	1.00
Sulphonylurea (n (%))	14 (28.57)	50 (69.44)	0.84
Gliptins (n (%))	4 (8.16)	2 (2.77)	0.22
Insulin (n (%))	1 (2.04)	5 (6.94)	0.40
ACEI/ARB (n (%))	29 (59.18)	48 (66.67)	0.44
β-blocker (n (%))	7 (14.29)	15 (20.83)	0.47
CCB (n (%))	11 (22.45)	12 (16.67)	0.48
Diuretic (n (%))	14 (28.57)	19 (26.39)	0.84
Aspirin (n (%))	9 (18.36)	29 (40.28)	0.02
Statin (n (%))	29 (59.18)	52 (72.22)	0.17
Fibrate (n (%))	6 (12.24)	1 (1.39)	0.02
Allopurinol (n (%))	2 (4.08)	3 (4.17)	1.00
BMI (kg/m^2)^†	31.22 (27.67–33.97)	31.31 (27.9–35.19)	0.35
BSA (m^2)	1.83 ± 0.20	1.93 ± 0.21	0.007
Waist index	1.17 ± 0.15	1.20 ± 0.13	0.22
Pulse rate (bpm)^†	65 (61–80.25)	71 (62–78)	0.84
Mean SBP (mmHg)	146 ± 18.28	142.96 ± 17.54	0.36
Mean DBP (mmHg)	85.66 ± 7.34	83.88 ± 9.58	0.25
Pulse pressure (mmHg)	62.18 ± 15.6	61.07 ± 12.22	0.68
MAP (mmHg)^†	106 (97.5–112.5)	90.75 (107.5–113)	0.77

Values are expressed as number (%) of patients, mean ± SD, or ^†median (IQR). ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; CCB: calcium channel blocker; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure.