Sex Differences in the Prevalence and Modulators of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 4

The prevalence and risk factors of SDB in T2D, comparison of existing studies.

Study, year (Ref.), country	Setting	Patients (n)	Source of patients	SDB diagnosis	Female, n (%)	Prevalence of SDB (%)	Modulators of SDB/higher AHI
Resnick et al., 2003 [10]^x, USA	Multicenter	470	Sleep Heart Health Study (SDB as risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease)	Polysomnography (Compumedics PS®, Melbourne, Australia)	254 (54)	24	AHI: age, BMI, male sex
Einhorn et al., 2007 [11], USA	Single center	279	Diabetes clinic (T2D)	SDB monitoring device (ApneaLink, ResMed Corp., San Diego, CA, USA)	133 (48)	36	SDB: age ≥ 62 yrs, male sex, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m^2, snoring, reports of stopping breathing during sleep
Laaban et al., 2009 [13], France	Single center	303	Department of Diabetology (hospitalized for poorly controlled T2D)	SDB monitoring device (CID® 102, Cidelec, Angers, France)	147 (49)	29	—
Foster et al., 2009 [12], USA	Multicenter	305	Obese patients with T2D (Sleep AHEAD = Sleep Apnea in Look AHEAD—Action for Health in Diabetes)	Polysomnography (Compumedics®, Abbotsville, Australia)	183 (60)	53^#	AHI/obstructive sleep apnoea : waist circumference
Lam et al., 2010 [35], China	Single center	165	DM clinic	Polysomnography (Alice 5 Diagnostics System®, Respironics, Murrysville, PA, USA)	62 (38)	33^#	AHI: age, BMI, diastolic BP, male sex^†
Schober et al., 2011 [31], Germany	Multicenter	498	Primary care centers and medical department (endocrinology, metabolism)	SDB monitoring device (ApneaLink Oxi®, ResMed, Sydney, Australia)	237 (48)	41	—
Zhang et al., 2016 [34], China	Multicenter	880	Endocrinology ward (hospitalized)	SDB monitoring device (ApneaLink, ResMed, San Diego, CA, USA)	391 (44)	26	—
Kroner et al. (DIACORE), Germany	Multicenter	679	Outpatients	SDB monitoring device (ApneaLink, ResMed, Sydney, Australia)	267 (39)	34	AHI: age, BMI, waist-hip ratio

At cut-off AHI ≥ 5/h. (3 subjects with central sleep apnoea were excluded). ^#Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea. ^xIt is not apparent which kind of diabetes sample was used. In other publications, it is interpreted as a sample of patients with type 2 diabetes [37]. Modulators of SDB/higher AHI were assessed in multivariable regression analysis. SDB = sleep-disordered breathing; BMI = body mass index; T2D = type 2 diabetes; AHI = apnoea-hypopnoea index; BP = blood pressure; RDI = respiratory disturbance index.