Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Target for Exercise-Mediated Reductions in Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Table 1

Acute effects of exercise on circulating extracellular vesicles.

Author	Exercise dose	Subtype EV	Preanalytical phase	Collection time	Response
Harrison et al. [76]	Cycling for 90 min at 70% VO2peak followed by ten 1 min sprints interspersed with 1 min of recovery in young, recreationally active men.	CD31+/CD42b-	1600 g for 15 min at 4°C	Morning following exercise bout	No change
Mobius-Winkler et al. [63]	4 hr cycling at 70% IAT in young, healthy men.	CD42b^−CD42b^−/CD62E^+	11,000g for 2 min	16 predefined time points during and after finishing cycling.	No change
Jenkins et al. [74]	Exercise at 70% of VO2peak until 598 kcal was expended in recreationally, healthy active men.	CD31^+/CD42b^−CD62E^+	Double centrifugation of 1500 for 20 min at room temperature	(i) Pre-meal; (ii) 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr postprandial	↓CD31^+/CD42b^−; ↓CD62E^+; Unaffected by high-fat meal
Guiraud et al. [60]	Single session of HIIE: 15-second intervals at 100% of PPO and 15-second passive recovery intervals or isocaloric MICE in men with coronary heart disease.	CD31^+; CD62E^+; CD42b^−; CD42b^+	1500g for 15 min followed by a single centrifugation at 13,000 for 2 min	(i) 10 min pre-ex; (ii) 20 min post-ex; (iii) 24 hr post-ex; (iv) 72 hr post-ex	No change
Ross et al. [62]	3 sets of 6 resistance exercises at 15 RM w/o rest in young, trained men.	CD144^+; CD146^+; CD105^+	1500g for 15 min followed by 13,000g for 2 min	(i) Pre-ex; (ii) 10 min post-ex; (iii) 2 hr post-ex; (iv) 24 hr post-ex	No change
Wahl et al. [67]	(1) HVT; 130 min at 55% PPO, (2) 4 × 4 min at 95% PPO, and (3) 4 × 30 sec all-out in healthy male, triathletes.	CD31^+/CD42b^− CD31/CD42b CD14/CD16	1.861g for 10 min at 4°C	(i) Pre-ex; (ii) Immediately post-ex; (iii) 60 min post-ex; (iv) 180 min post-ex	↓CD31^+/CD42b^−; ↓CD31/CD42b; ↓CD14/CD16
Chanda et al. [61]	Acute strenuous exercise (treadmill running VO2peak) versus. moderate (75% HRmax for 45 min) in healthy females.	Total EVs; CD41a	2500 rpm for 5 min at 4°C	(i) Pre-ex; (ii) Immediately post-ex; (iii) 45 min post-ex	↑Total EVs; ↑CD41a; Only after strenuous ex; No moderate ex change
Durrer et al. [72]	(1) HICE 20 min cycling at just above VT.; (2) HIIE 10 × 1 min at 90% peak aerobic power in young, overweight, inactive males and females.	CD62E^+; CD31^+/CD42b^−	Double centrifugation of 1500 for 15 min at room temperature	(i) Pre-ex; (ii) Immediate post-ex; (iii) Morning post-ex	↑CD62E^+ (females only); No change CD31^+/CD42b^− ↓CD62E^+ (males only); ↓CD31^+/CD42b^−
Lansford et al. [69]	Acute bout at 60–75%; VO2peak in healthy, active individuals	CD62E^+,; CD34^+; CD31^+/CD42b^−	Double centrifugation of 1500 for 20 min at room temperature	(i) Pre-ex; (ii) Post-ex	↑CD62E^+ in men; ↑CD34^+ in women; No change CD31^+/CD42b^−
Wilhelm et al. [65]	1 h of moderate- (46 ± 2% VO2peak) or heavy- (67 ± 2% VO2peak) intensity semirecumbent cycling in healthy, young men.	CD62E^+; CD41^+	17,500g for 1 hr at 4°C	(i) Pre-ex; (ii) Post-ex	↑CD41^+ following heavy exercise; No CD62E^+ change
Bei et al. [114]	Exercise stress test in middle-aged, overweight men and women.	CD63^+	1000g for 10 min and 2500g for 15 min at room temperature	(i) Rest; (ii) Peak-ex; (iii) Recovery (15 min after completion	↑EV count
Whitham et al. [66]	1 hr (30 min at 55%, 20 min at 70%, and ~10 min at 80% of VO2peak) in healthy males.	ACTN4, ADAM10, ALIX, ANAX11, and CD81	20,000g for 2x at 60 min	(i) Pre-ex; (ii) Exercise; (iii) 4 hr post-ex	↑EV count

IAT: individual anaerobic threshold; HIIE: high-intensity interval exercise; MICE: moderate-intensity continuous exercise; RM: repetition max; HVT: high-volume training; PPO: peak power output; HICE: high-intensity continuous exercise; VT: ventilatory threshold.