Lower Circulating miR-122 Level in Patients with HNF1A Variant-Induced Diabetes Compared with Type 2 Diabetes

Table 1

Serum miR-122 and clinical features of the patients with different types of diabetes.

	NGT	GCK-DM	HNF1A-DM	MDM	T1DM	T2DM	Monogenic diabetes mellitus
Number	24	11	12	19	17	24	42
Gender, male, number (%)	8 (33.33)	7 (63.64)	4 (33.33)	9 (47.37)	9 (52.94)	8 (33.33)	20 (47.62)
Age, mean (SD) (years)	34.71 ± 7.62	49.27 ± 18.05	33.17 ± 16.50^§	40.68 ± 12.14	37.35 ± 11.62	34.33 ± 14.18	40.79 ± 15.92
Diagnosis age, mean (SD) (years)	N/A	46.20 ± 18.78	24.17 ± 11.38^§,^,†	33.59 ± 8.96	33.29 ± 8.85	29.96 ± 11.57	32.12 ± 13.38
BMI, mean (SD) (kg·m^−2)	21.66 ± 1.29	24.05 ± 4.10	22.09 ± 3.61	20.54 ± 3.11	22.21 ± 3.38	22.56 ± 3.10	21.90 ± 3.74
Waist circumference, mean (SD) (cm)
Male	77.74 ± 3.39	87.70 ± 11.81	77.83 ± 20.10	75.67 ± 4.27	82.50 ± 7.68	82.00 ± 9.02	80.04 ± 11.35
Female	73.97 ± 4.20	78.00 ± 9.35	81.25 ± 8.45^‡	73.00 ± 10.21	79.00 ± 12.10	79.56 ± 9.25	77.10 ± 9.72
History of hypertension, number (%)	0 (0)	5 (45.45)	3 (25.00)	5 (26.32)	2 (11.76)	3 (12.50)	13 (30.95)
SBP, mean (SD) (mmHg)	111.04 ± 11.04	129.27 ± 25.13	111.36 ± 14.56	118.39 ± 17.75	116.00 ± 15.42	117.92 ± 12.65	119.45 ± 20.00
DBP, mean (SD) (mmHg)	74.67 ± 7.42	75.18 ± 15.09	68.09 ± 6.83^‡	73.00 ± 10.79	71.00 ± 9.97	70.79 ± 10.12	72.25 ± 11.34
Therapy
OHA, number (%)	N/A	1 (9.09)	8 (66.67)	10 (52.63)	7 (41.18)	12 (50.00)	19 (45.24)
Insulin, number (%)	N/A	0 (0)	7 (58.33)	11 (57.89)	13 (76.47)	9 (37.50)	18 (42.86)
FPG, mean (SD) (mmol/l)	5.10 ± 0.36	6.66 ± 0.65	8.21 ± 3.51^‡	8.61 ± 3.41	8.63 ± 3.55	8.36 ± 3.68	7.91 ± 2.96
HbA1c, mean (SD) (%)	5.15 ± 0.31	6.61 ± 0.27	8.93 ± 3.15^‡,§	8.53 ± 2.52	9.45 ± 2.27	9.85 ± 3.02	8.06 ± 2.49
HbA1c, mean (SD) (mmol/mol)	32.79 ± 3.38	48.73 ± 2.99	74.07 ± 34.47^‡,§	69.71 ± 27.50	79.75 ± 24.84	84.11 ± 33.03	64.63 ± 27.22
Triglyceride, median (IQR) (mmol/l)	0.65 (0.45, 0.83)	0.82 (0.59, 1.10)	1.30 (0.98, 1.70)^‡	1.18 (0.97, 1.76)	1.01 (0.64, 1.42)	1.12 (0.86, 1.89)	1.12 (0.83, 1.64)
LDL-C, mean (SD) (mmol/l)	2.37 ± 0.70	2.27 ± 0.83	1.90 ± 0.77^||,	2.76 ± 0.63	2.14 ± 0.76	2.56 ± 0.79	2.35 ± 0.80
HDL-C, mean (SD) (mmol/l)
Male	1.18 ± 0.17	1.31 ± 0.33	1.05 ± 0.43	1.09 ± 0.38	1.12 ± 0.29	0.98 ± 0.08	1.17 ± 0.36
Female	1.48 ± 0.30	1.60 ± 0.45	1.77 ± 0.68^||	1.35 ± 0.28	1.49 ± 0.79	1.16 ± 0.36	1.61 ± 0.54
Fasting C peptide, mean (SD), (μU/ml)	N/A	N/A	1.51 ± 0.58^†	1.29 ± 0.61	0.66 ± 0.53	1.75 ± 0.98	1.36 ± 0.59
ALT, mean (SD) (U/l)	17.75 ± 6.39	17.64 ± 7.38	23.85 ± 15.90	21.75 ± 12.30	15.76 ± 7.53	22.00 ± 11.46	21.15 ± 12.26
AST, mean (SD) (U/l)	21.04 ± 5.65	18.91 ± 3.18	18.74 ± 5.78	18.69 ± 6.61	16.24 ± 4.35	22.17 ± 7.72	18.77 ± 5.39
CRE, mean (SD) (μmol/l)	55.25 ± 10.77	67.91 ± 14.40	64.58 ± 33.07	66.31 ± 22.02	58.88 ± 15.98	52.79 ± 12.45	66.27 ± 23.49
UA, mean (SD) (umol/l)	250.15 ± 64.86	318.45 ± 68.31	288.73 ± 57.23	307.46 ± 87.12	278.71 ± 90.19	318.83 ± 66.86	305.03 ± 71.84
ACR, median (IQR) (mg/g)	3.58 (1.11, 7.70)	3.84 (2.50, 15.61)	7.66 (3.56, 15.26)	10.56 (1.59, 55.12)	5.09 (3.51, 10.93)	5.38 (3.85, 11.68)	7.40 (2.50, 18.34)
miR-122, median (IQR)	0.249 (0.049, 1.234)	0.086 (0.041, 0.357)	0.046^‡,|| (0.023, 0.121)	0.094 (0.038, 0.440)	0.048 (0.026, 0.243)	0.165 (0.036, 0.939)	0.083 (0.034, 0.172)

Normally distributed continuous variables are presented as the means and standard deviations (±SDs), and nonnormally distributed variables are presented as the medians (interquartile range (IQR)). Categorical variables are presented as the numbers and percentages. Differences between groups were compared by Student’s -test or Chi-square test as appropriate. Nonnormally distributed variables were subjected to a natural logarithm transformation to obtain a normal distribution prior to statistical analysis. A value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.^||Comparison between the HNF1A-DM and the T2DM groups (). ^‡Comparison between the HNF1A-DM and the NGT groups (). ^§Comparison between the HNF1A-DM and the GCK-DM groups (). Comparison between the HNF1A-DM and the MDM groups (). ^†Comparison between the HNF1A-DM and the T1DM groups (). NGT: normal glucose tolerance; T1DM: type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; MDM: mitochondrial diabetes mellitus; N/A: not available; BMI: body mass index; OHA: oral hypoglycemic agents; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; UA: uric acid; CRE: serum creatinine; ACR: urinary albumin/creatinine ratio.