Assessment of Vitamin D-Binding Protein and Early Prediction of Nephropathy in Type 2 Saudi Diabetic Patients
Table 1
Clinical and demographic characteristics of the study groups.
Variables
Control group ()
Diabetic groups
values
Normal albuminuria
Microalbuminuria
Macroalbuminuria
()
()
()
Age (years)
47.6 ± 13.6
50.6 ± 7.8
50.4 ± 12.0
45.9 ± 6.5
0.127
Gender, (%)
Females
32 (80.0)
35 (87.5)
33 (82.5)
34 (85.0)
0.821
Males
8 (20.0)
5 (12.5)
7 (17.5)
6 (15.0)
Weight (kg)
74.9 ± 14.3
80.1 ± 15.1
77.2 ± 11.7
80.4 ± 18.5
0.315
Height (cm)
166.1 ± 5.2
156.4 ± 7.9a
158.3 ± 9.5a
154.5 ± 4.4ab
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
27.2 ± 5.5
32.8 ± 6.2a
30.8 ± 4.1
33.7 ± 7.5a
<0.001
Obesity, (%)
12 (30.0)
30 (75.0)
18 (45.0)
25 (62.5)
<0.001
Hypertension, (%)
14 (35.0)
11 (27.5)
9 (22.5)
10 (25.0)
0.625
Smoking, (%)
7 (17.5)
2 (5.0)
3 (7.5)
3 (7.5)
0.227
FH of DM
11 (27.5)
17 (42.5)
24 (60.0)
28 (70.0)
0.001
DM duration (years)
—
5.5 ± 2.5
6.1 ± 2.7
6.8 ± 2.1
0.063
Insulin therapy, (%)
—
17 (42.5)
19 (47.5)
20 (50.0)
0.791
DR, (%)
—
14 (35.0)
16 (40.0)
19 (47.5)
0.519
CKD, (%)
Stage 1
—
34 (85.0)
34 (85.0)
30 (75.0)
0.013
Stage 2
—
6 (15.0)
6 (15.0)
10 (25.0)
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or n (%). DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; FH: family history; DR: diabetic retinopathy; CKD: chronic kidney disease. Chi square test was used for qualitative variables. One-way ANOVA for quantitative variables followed by Tukey HSD post hoc test for multiple comparisons. aCompared to the control group; bcompared to microalbuminuria. Bold values indicate significance at .
