Assessment of Vitamin D-Binding Protein and Early Prediction of Nephropathy in Type 2 Saudi Diabetic Patients

Table 2

Laboratory parameters of the study groups.

Variables	Control group ()	Diabetic groups			values
		Normal albuminuria	Microalbuminuria	Macroalbuminuria
		()	()	()
Lipid profile
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.8 ± 1.5	4.8 ± 0.7	4.6 ± 0.9	5.1 ± 1.4	0.289
HDL-c (mmol/l)	1.2 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.4	0.9 ± 1.0	0.196
LDL-c (mmol/l)	6.9 ± 24.5	3.3 ± 0.6	3.4 ± 1.1	1.12 ± 0.4	0.417
Total triglyceride (mmol/l)	1.3 ± 0.8	1.7 ± 0.8	1.4 ± 0.5	2.7 ± 0.9 ^b c	<0.001
Diabetic assessment
FBS (mmol/l)	5.5 ± 5.9	7.9 ± 5.3	12.1 ± 16.7^a	11.8 ± 4.1^a,b	0.004
HbA1c (%)	4.7 ± 0.4	7.2 ± 0.7^a	7.5 ± 1.4^a	9.4 ± 0.8^a,b,c	<0.001
Fasting insulin (mIU/l)	9.6 ± 5.0	25.3 ± 10.4^a	32.3 ± 14.4^a,b	37.8 ± 16.8^a,b	<0.001
HOMA-IR index	0.15 ± 0.25	0.8 ± 1.2^a	0.4 ± 0.3^b	0.7 ± 0.4^a	<0.001
Total protein (gm/l)	74.2 ± 10.4	73.9 ± 3.2	70.7 ± 4.2	71.9 ± 5.5	0.052
Serum albumin (gm/l)	47.7 ± 7.7	35.0 ± 3.3^a	34.1 ± 2.4^a	34.4 ± 2.5^a	<0.001
Renal function tests
Serum urea (mmol/l)	3.5 ± 1.1	4.6 ± 1.0^a	4.5 ± 0.9^a	4.5 ± 1.4^a	<0.001
Serum creatinine (μmol/l)	57.7 ± 12.5	56.2 ± 16.0	59.1 ± 9.8	69.2 ± 16.6^a,b,c	<0.001
Albumin/creatinine ratio (μg/mg)	16.7 ± 8.7	10.5 ± 7.8	77.5 ± 65.5	803.5 ± 355^a,b,c	<0.001
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m^2)	102.4 ± 17.6	111.2 ± 36.6	107.9 ± 17.2	113.3 ± 22.9	0.232
Inflammatory markers
hs-CRP (mg/l)	0.12 ± 0.08	0.17 ± 0.05^a	0.17 ± 0.04^a	0.15 ± 0.02^a,b,c	<0.001
VDBP analyses
sVDBP (μg/ml)	210.3 ± 33.8	202.4 ± 43.9	248.4 ± 36.5^a,b	299.2 ± 50.6^a,b,c	<0.001
uVDBP/uCr (ng/mg)	127.7 ± 21.9	193.1 ± 141.0	820.4 ± 402.8^a,b	1458.1 ± 210^a,b,c	<0.001

Data are expressed as mean ± SD. HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBS: fasting blood sugar; HBA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HOMA: homeostasis model assessment; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein. ^aCompared to control group. ^bCompared to diabetic normal albuminuria group. ^cCompared to diabetic microalbuminuria group. Bold values indicate significance at .