Pancreatic Beta Cell Death: Novel Potential Mechanisms in Diabetes Therapy

Figure 4

Autophagy: the presence of diverse stressors activates autophagy. It is divided into three fundamental processes: activation, nucleation, and elongation or expansion. Autophagy maintains the microarchitecture of the pancreatic beta cell (see text). ROS: reactive oxygen species; ATG101: autophagy-related 101; FIP200: FAK family kinase-interacting protein of 200 kDa; ULK: unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1; ATG13: autophagy-related 13; ATG12: autophagy-related 12; ATG7: autophagy-related 7; ATG10: autophagy-related 10; ATG5: autophagy-related 5; ATG16: autophagy-related 16; ATG14: autophagy-related 14; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; AMBRA1: autophagy/beclin-1 regulator 1; Vps15: serine/threonine-protein kinase VPS15; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3 kinase; LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; WIPI: WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein; DFCP1: double FYVE domain-containing protein.