In the View of Endothelial Microparticles: Novel Perspectives for Diagnostic and Pharmacological Management of Cardiovascular Risk during Diabetes Distress

Table 1

Biomarkers of diabetes distress-related cardiovascular risk.

Study	Biomarker	Cardiovascular disease	References
DD-T2DM patients	↑ HbA1c	Microvascular outcomes	Kreider [3]
	↑ Diastolic pressure	Macrovascular outcomes	Winchester et al. [16]
	↑ LDL-c	Hypertension
		Dyslipidemia
		Atherosclerosis
AS-T1DM rats	↑ Vascular NADPH oxidase/Nox4 functionality	Carotid disease	Moreira et al. [17, 18]
	↑ Vascular Nox4-derived H2O2 levels	Stroke
	↑ Vascular iNOS functionality
	↑ Vascular iNOS-derived ONOO^− levels
	↑ Vascular RAS functionality
CS-DS/obese rats	↑ Cardiac NADPH oxidase functionality		Matsuura et al. [20]
	↑ Cardiac NADPH oxidase-derived O2^− levels
	↑ Cardiac RAS functionality
	↑ Cardiac macrophage infiltration
	↑ Cardiac inflammation

DD-T2DM patients (distressed depressive patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus); AS-T1DM rats (acutely stressed rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus); CS-DS/obese rats (chronically stressed rats with metabolic syndrome); HbA1C (glycosylated hemoglobin); LDL-c (low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol); H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide); iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase); ONOO⁻ (peroxynitrite); RAS (renin-angiotensin system); O₂⁻ (superoxide anion).