Gender Differences and Risk Factors of Recurrent Stroke in Type 2 Diabetic Malaysian Population with History of Stroke: The Observation from Malaysian National Neurology Registry
Table 2
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of variables associated with stroke recurrence in female patients with diabetes.
Univariate analysis
Logistic regression
Without recurrence
(%)
With recurrence
(%)
value
OR [95% CI]
value
Constant
—
—
—
0.217
0.763
Age (years)
<65
1165 (53.6)
72 (66.1)
≥65
1006 (46.4)
37 (33.9)
0.013
—
—
Duration of diabetes
<1 year
147 (6.8)
8 (7.3)
0.005
Reference
1-5 years
810 (37.3)
51 (46.8)
1.537 [0.229-10.318]
0.658
6-10 years
347 (16.0)
18 (16.5)
1.161 [0.153-8.823]
0.885
>10 years
354 (16.3)
23 (21.1)
1.334 [0.165-10.780]
0.787
Unknown
513 (23.6)
9 (8.3)
0.291 [0.018-4.793]
0.388
Education
Formal
1204 (55.4)
88 (80.7)
0.000
—
—
Informal
967 (44.6)
21 (19.3)
Mode of arrival at emergency at the first-time stroke attack
—
—
Ambulance
1036 (47.7)
71 (65.1)
0.001
Own transport
1026 (47.2)
37 (34.0)
Unknown
109 (5.1)
1 (0.9)
Duration of hypertension
Reference (0 years)
<1 year
105 (4.8)
5 (4.5)
0.006
1.488 [0.147-15.040]
0.736
1-5 years
720 (33.1)
45 (41.5)
2.078 [0.184-23.417]
0.554
6-10 years
326 (15.0)
18 (16.5)
1.875 [0.171-20.539]
0.607
>10 years
372 (17.1)
27 (24.7)
2.137 [0.105-43.543]
0.622
Unknown
437 (19.3)
8 (7.3)
1.374 [0.117-16.184]
0.801
No hypertension
211 (9.7)
6 (5.5)
Smoking status
Current smoker
28 (1.3)
0 (0.0)
0.401
—
—
Former smoker
27 (1.2)
1 (0.9)
Never
2089 (96.3)
108 (99.1)
Unknown
27 (1.2)
0 (0.0)
Hyperlipidemia
707 (93.9)
46 (6.1)
0.025
—
—
Ischemic heart disease
212 (90.2)
23 (9.8)
0.001
5.859 [2.496-13.752]
0.000
ACEIs received at baseline
2088 (95.4)
101 (4.6)
0.066
—
—
ARBs received at baseline
2105 (95.4)
101 (4.6)
0.023
—
—
ADM received at baseline
909 (93.1)
67 (6.9)
0.000
1.409 [0.467-4.251]
0.542
Received OHA upon discharge
726 (93.3)
52 (6.7)
0.002
0.909 [0.327-2.525]
0.855
Received diuretics upon discharge
143 (89.9)
16 (10.1)
0.003
3.476 [1.146-10.538]
0.028
Glasgow Coma Scale: motor response
58 (2.7)
1 (0.9)
—
—
No response
0.006
Extension response in response to pain
15 (0.7)
4 (3.7)
Flexion in response to pain
31 (1.4)
0 (0.0)
Withdraws in response to pain
46 (2.1)
1 (0.9)
Purposeful movement to painful stimulus
244 (11.4)
8 (7.4)
Obeys commands for movement
1747 (81.6)
94 (87.0)
Apparent clinical manifestations at baseline
Altered sensorium
220 (97.8)
5 (2.2)
0.028
—
—
Monoparesis
32 (84.2)
6 (15.8)
0.010
—
—
Seizure
40 (87.0)
6 (13.0)
0.016
4.641 [1.126-19.126]
0.034
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
2171
109
0.000
1.017 [1.006-1.028]
0.002
()
()
()
Total cholesterol l (mmol/L)
2171
109
0.008
1.103 [0.942-1.291]
0.222
()
()
()
NIH stroke scale at baseline: consciousness
1265 (81.5)
74 (92.5)
—
—
Alert
0.067
Sleepiness
174 (11.2)
5 (6.3)
Stupor
72 (4.6)
0 (0.0)
Coma
42 (2.7)
1 (1.3)
NIH stroke scale at baseline: visual field
No visual loss
1207 (79.5)
61 (77.2)
0.033
Partial hemianopia
175 (11.5)
16 (20.3)
—
—
Complete hemianopia
94 (6.2)
2 (2.5)
Bilateral hemianopia
43 (2.8)
0 (0.0)
Significant variables remained in the final logistic regression model, received prior to the first-time stroke attacks discharged from admission during the first-time stroke event; . Abbreviations: ACEIs = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs = angiotensin receptor blockers; ADM = antidiabetic medications; NIH=National Institute of Health; OHA = oral hypoglycemic agent; SD = standard deviation.
