Gender Differences and Risk Factors of Recurrent Stroke in Type 2 Diabetic Malaysian Population with History of Stroke: The Observation from Malaysian National Neurology Registry
Table 3
Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis of variables associated with stroke recurrence in male patients with diabetes.
Univariate analysis
Logistic regression
Without recurrence
(%)
With recurrence
(%)
value
OR [95% CI]
value
Constant
—
—
—
0.108
0.001
AGE (years)
<65
1345 (60.3)
75 (69.4)
0.069
—
—
≥65
886 (29.7)
33 (30.6)
Duration of diabetes
<1 year
167 (7.5)
5 (4.6)
0.009
Reference
1-5 years
831 (37.2)
54 (50.0)
2.917 [1.007-8.454]
0.049
6-10 years
309 (13.8)
14 (13.0)
2.540 [0.782-8.244]
0.121
>10 years
294 (13.2)
25 (23.1)
3.652 [1.163-11.466]
0.027
Unknown
633 (28.3)
10 (9.3)
1.277 [0.343-4.752]
0.715
Education
Formal
1461 (65.4)
86 (79.6)
0.001
—
—
Informal
773 (34.6)
22 (20.4)
Ethnicity
Malay
479 (21.4)
54 (50.0)
Reference
Chinese
70 (3.1)
4 (3.7)
0.000
0.714 [0.231-2.208]
0.559
Indian
33 (1.5)
3 (2.8)
0.827 [0.212-3.228]
0.784
Others#
1652 (73.9)
47 (43.5)
0.330 [0.207-0.528]
0.0001
Mode of arrival at emergency upon the first-time stroke attack
Ambulance
992 (44.4)
43 (39.8)
0.026
—
—
Own transport
1104 (49.4)
64 (59.3)
Unknown
138 (6.2)
1 (0.9)
Duration of hypertension
Reference (0 years)
<1 year
116 (5.2)
7 (6.5)
0.005
1.488 [0.147-15.040]
0.736
1-5 years
721 (32.3)
40 (37.0)
2.078 [0.184-23.417]
0.554
6-10 years
279 (12.5)
11 (10.2)
1.875 [0.171-20.539]
0.607
>10 years
268 (12.0)
20 (18.5)
2.137 [0.105-43.543]
0.622
Unknown
522 (23.4)
9 (8.3)
1.374 [0.117-16.184]
0.801
Smoking status
Current smoker
518 (23.2)
40 (37.0)
0.002
—
0.85
Former smoker
432 (19.3)
19 (17.6)
1.452 [0.907-2.325]
0.120
Never
1171 (52.4)
49 (45.4)
0.678 [0.379-1.213]
0.190
Unknown
113 (5.1)
0 (0.0)
—
0.99
Hyperlipidemia
602 (94.5)
35 (5.5)
0.224
—
—
Ischemic heart disease
368 (93.2)
27 (6.8)
0.025
1.738 [1.071-2.818]
0.025
ACEIs received at baseline
2143 (95.9)
91 (4.1)
0.000
0.374 [0.131-1.067]
0.066
ARBs received at baseline
2152 (95.9)
93 (4.1)
0.000
1.226 [0.409-3.673]
0.715
ADM received at baseline
913 (93.9)
59 (6.1)
0.005
1.409 [0.467-4.251]
0.542
Received OHA upon discharged
748 (94.2)
46 (5.8)
0.034
0.909 [0.327-2.525]
0.855
Glasgow Coma Scale: motor response
No response
61 (2.8)
1 (0.9)
0.037
—
—
Extension response in response to pain
20 (0.9)
0 (0.0)
Flexion in response to pain
42 (1.9)
0 (0.0)
Withdraws in response to pain
37 (1.7)
1 (0.9)
Purposeful movement to painful stimulus
218 (9.9)
10 (9.3)
Obeys commands for movement
1820 (82.8)
95 (88.9)
Apparent clinical manifestations at baseline
Altered sensorium
242 (99.2)
2 (0.8)
0.001
0.172 [0.41-0.724]
0.016
Monoparesis
25 (86.2)
2 (13.8)
0.046
4.076 [1.230-13.506]
0.022
NIH stroke scale at baseline: consciousness
—
—
Alert
1335 (82.8)
69 (93.2)
0.007
Sleepiness
161 (10.0)
5 (6.8)
Stupor
79 (4.9)
0 (0.0)
Coma
38 (2.4)
0 (0.0)
NIH stroke scale at baseline: visual field
No visual loss
1265 (80.8)
62 (83.8)
0.090
Partial hemianopia
195 (12.5)
5 (6.8)
—
—
Complete hemianopia
77 (4.9)
3 (4.1)
Bilateral hemianopia
29 (1.9)
4 (5.4)
Significant variables remained in the final logistic regression model (highlighted in grey), received prior to the first-time stroke attacks discharged from admission during the first-time stroke event; #ethnicity group originated from East Malaysia (Iban, Bidayuh, Kadazan, etc.). Abbreviations: ACEIs = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs = angiotensin receptor blockers; ADM = antidiabetic medications; NIH=National Institute of health; OHA = oral hypoglycemic agent.
