Effects of Probiotic Supplement in Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Table 2
The results of subgroup analysis according to intervention type and age.
Subgroup
Studies
Patients
Mean difference (95% CI) unless other specified
Heterogeneity ()%
value
Macrosomia
Intervention
Probiotics
3
264
0.47 (0.10, 2.15)
56
0.47
Synbiotics
1
60
0.14 (0.01, 2.65)
Mean age
<30
2
120
0.13 (0.02, 1.08)
0
0.09
≥30
2
204
0.89 (0.45, 1.77)
64
FBG
Intervention
Probiotics
8
510
-4.08 (-4.90, -3.26)
95
0.49
Synbiotics
2
160
-2.75 (-6.42, 0.92)
0
Mean age
<30
5
324
-6.84 (-7.96, -5.72)
63
<0.00001
≥30
5
346
-1.15 (-2.28, -0.01)
94
FSI
Intervention
Probiotics
7
450
-2.24 (-3.28, -1.20)
81
0.54
Synbiotics
2
160
-3.90 (-9.07, 1.27)
57
Mean age
<30
4
264
-1.40 (-1.67, -1.13)
64
0.007
≥30
5
346
-2.41 (-3.10, -1.72)
80
HOMA-IR
Intervention
Probiotics
7
450
-0.67 (-0.94, -0.40)
82
0.72
Synbiotics
3
160
-0.87 (-1.92, -0.19)
73
Mean age
<30
4
264
-0.42 (-0.49, -0.36)
59
0.01
≥30
5
346
-0.66 (-0.83, -0.49)
83
QUICKI
Intervention
Probiotics
4
221
0.01 (0.01, 0.01)
74
0.86
Synbiotics
2
160
0.01 (0.01, 0.03)
60
Mean age
<30
4
264
0.01 (0.01, 0.01)
76
0.02
≥30
2
117
0.01 (0.01, 0.02)
0
Triglycerides
Intervention
Probiotics
4
265
-17.51 (-27.47, -7.54)
6
0.71
Synbiotics
2
160
-20.71 (-34.62, -6.80)
86
Mean age
<30
3
208
-20.47 (-32.11, -8.82)
73
0.66
≥30
3
217
-16.84 (-28.12, -5.56)
36
The effect measure is the risk ratio (95% CI). GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; FBG: fasting blood glucose; FSI: fasting serum insulin; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance; QUICKI: quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.
