Serum Carnosinase-1 and Albuminuria Rather than the CNDP1 Genotype Correlate with Urinary Carnosinase-1 in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients and healthy subjects.
T2DM
CKD
Healthy subjects
Characteristics
()
mg/g ()
value
()
()
value
Demographic
Male sex, (%)
27 (61)
30 (73)
0.24
7 (78)
9 (53)
0.39
8 (33)
Age (years)
0.06
0.61
Clinical
Body mass index (kg/m2)
0.28
0.68
Hba1c (%)
0.22
0.31
Serum albumin (g/l)
0.56
0.93
FPG (mg/dl)
0.50
0.15
Systolic BP (mmHg)
0.06
0.48
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
0.72
0.50
Diabetic retinopathy, (%)
19 (43)
31 (75)
0.004
—
—
—
Kidney function
Serum creatinine (mg/dl)
0.002
0.58
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2)
33 [17–60]
13 [7.5–30]
0.0005
12.6 [8.3–49.4]
11.9 [7.9–32]
0.80
Albuminuria ACR (mg/g)
49.5 [13.3–112]
1498 [580–3261]
<0.0001
127 [31–207.5]
1150 [641.5–2099]
<0.0001
Dialysis (%)
13 (30)
20 (49)
0.08
4 (44)
9 (53)
0.68
Hemodialysis, (%)
12
18
4
9
Peritoneal dialysis, (%)
1
2
—
—
Pharmacological management
ACEi/ARB, (%)
25 (57)
25 (61)
0.70
4 (44)
9 (53)
0.68
Diuretic, (%)
30 (68)
29 (71)
0.80
7 (78)
12 (71)
0.69
CN-1 metabolism
CN-1 in serum (μg/ml)
3.9 [2.1–12]
4.6 [2.6–12.2]
0.74
3.0 [1–4.6]
3.9 [0.9–6.3]
0.70
9.4 [4.8–24.8]
Urinary CN-1 detection, (%)
22 (48)
39 (95)
<0.0001
3 (33)
15 (88)
0.007
18 (75)
Homozygous (CTG)5, (%)
15 (37)
11 (28)
0.48
3 (43)
3 (18)
0.31
7 (29)
Baseline characteristics of T2DM and nondiabetic CKD patients related to albuminuria (ACR) and healthy subjects. Data are shown as , median [IQR], or absolute number (proportion). values were calculated using the two-tailed unpaired -test, Mann-Whitney test, or Fisher’s test. T2DM: type 2 diabetes patients; eGRF: estimated glomerular filtration rate using the CKD-EPI formula; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; ACEi/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker. (CTG)n genotype data were missing in 7 out of 111 patients.
