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| Author | Study | Objective | Number of experiments | Results |
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| Araujo et al. [34] | Anatomical and functional evaluation of tympanoplasty with the use of the transitional implant of the natural latex biomembrane from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis | This work aims at investigating the effects of the latex and silicone biomembrane in tympanic perforation restoration | 107 humans | | | There was greater vascularity in the group with the transitional latex biomembrane implant. They presented good biocompatibility with the use of latex and silicone implants without affecting the rates of occurrence of infection, otorrhea, or otorrhagia. The proportion of tympanic membrane healing was equivalent in three groups, as well as the hearing improvement. Thus, the use of the implant caused a bigger graft vascularity process, with satisfactory interaction with human tympanic membrane tissues |
| Ganga et al. [35] | Sciatic nerve regeneration in rats through a conduit made from a natural latex membrane | To evaluate the NLB’s capacity to accelerate and improve the quality of regeneration of a sciatic nerve cut in rats | | | 40 Wistar rats | All morphological and functional analyses have shown that rats with the latex membrane recovered better than those with the autologous nerve: quality of printed shoeprints, treadmill performance, electrophysiological response, and histological quality of nerve regeneration. Thus, the data presented depicted behavioral and functional recovery in the rats that were implanted with the latex conduit through a complete morphological and physiological restoration of the sciatic nerve |
| Sousa et al. [36] | Morphological evaluation of the use of latex prosthesis in videolaparoscopic inguinoplasty: an experimental study in dogs | To evaluate (through videolaparoscopic inguinoplasty) the morphological aspects of the behavior of 4 types of latex biomembranes preperitoneally put in dogs | | | 12 dogs | The biomembranes maintain the induction of the healing process fibrosis-free. They undergo encasement and, with the exception of the thin porous polyamide membrane, they are not incorporated in neighboring tissues. The latex biomembrane, alone, be it with or without polyamide, is not recommended for preperitoneal inguinoplasty |
| Frade et al. [37] | Vegetal biomembrane bandage and hypersensitivity | To evaluate bandage and hypersensitivity in the treatment of wounds with the latex membrane | 67 humans | | | The biomembrane proved to be safe as bandaging, as it did not induce hypersensitivity |
| Talieri [38] | Natural latex graft in the healing of lamellar and penetrating sclerectomies in rabbits | This study aim at investigating the effects of natural latex with the 0.1% polylysine on the healing process of lamellar and penetrating sclerectomies in rabbits | | | 24 rabbits | Great adhesion of the latex graft to the receptor’s sclera |
| Quege et al. [39] | Comparison of the activity of essential fatty acids and the biomembrane on the microbiota of infected chronic wounds | To evaluate the highest efficiency between the latex membrane (Biocure) and AGE-based product (Dersani) in postleprosy treatment ulcers | 8 humans | | | Dersani: positive antimicrobial effect in Enterobacter aerogenes
Biocure: positive antimicrobial effect in Pseudomonas aeruginosas |
| Brandão et al. [40] | Latex-derived vascular prosthesis | To develop a new microperforated vascular prosthesis model, made of fabric covered with a natural rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) latex-derived compound, and to assess its patency rates, thrombogenicity, biocompatibility, and the process of healing, in addition to some mechanical properties (elasticity, adaptability, impermeability, and possibility of suture), using the expanded polytetrafluoroethylene prosthesis as a control in the same animal | | | 15 dogs | The tissue and microperforated latex graft demonstrated structural qualities (adaptability, elasticity, impermeability, and possibility of suture) that were satisfying as a vascular substitute. It stimulated endothelial growth beyond the contact with the regions on the anastomosis and it was biocompatible with the dogs’ arterial system, presenting appropriate tissue integration |
| Sousa et al. [41] | Latex biomembrane: new method for cavity flooring opened in tympanomastoidectomy | To study the performance of the biomembrane as an interface between the bone rim and the buffering material and to analyze its role in the epithelialization of the neocavity | 54 humans | | | The use of the latex biomembrane proved to be an effective method in the neocavity coating, facilitating the removal of the cap and the epithelialization of the neocavity |
| Pinho et al. [24] | Experimental use of latex biomembrane in conjunctival reconstruction | To check the effect of the latex biomembrane in the conjunctival repair process | | | 15 rabbits | As described in the literature for other tissues, the natural latex biomembrane also seems to favor the conjunctival scarring and neoangiogenesis. If these results repeat themselves in humans, the biomembrane could become a promising therapeutic feature in conjunctival reconstruction, particularly in cases where tissue revascularization is important |
| Reis [42] | Tissue neoformation-inducing system for diabetic feet with LED light circuit and use of natural latex | The goal is to evaluate the efficiency of the tissue neoformation-inducing system in the healing of diabetic foot ulcers. This system has been tested in patients with diabetic foot ulcer. Six patients with 11 ulcers were selected and then seen in the Diabetic Foot Center of HRT/DF. They constituted two distinct groups of treatment and study: control group and experimental group | 6 humans | | | The clinical findings were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, demonstrating that the experimental group has higher results than the control group. Thus, tissue neoformation-inducing system may be considered an effective alternative for diabetic foot ulcer treatment, once it showed a high potential in healing induction |
| Andrade [43] | Tissue modifications and rubber latex Hevea brasiliensis F1 fraction action mechanisms in the healing of skin ulcers in diabetic rats | Diabetes (related to cellular stress) changes considerably the skin ulcer’s healing process. The rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis latex has presented itself as especially relevant as an inducer of diabetes’ compromised ulceration healing. It was clinically observed that the latex completely stimulates full reepithelialization. Tissue modifications were evaluated, as well as the latex protein fraction (F1) action mechanisms in the healing of skin ulcers in diabetic and nondiabetic rats. Initially, it was tested on the cytotoxicity of F1 in human fibroblast and keratinocyte cultures through the MTT colorimetric method | | | 80 Wistar rats | Essential factors which enabled the reepithelization of the total skin ulcers treated with F1 in diabetic rats were a large recruitment of inflammatory cells, stimulation of the production of growth factors and cytokines, oxidative stress triggered until the 14th day, and the induction of collagenase and fibroplasia, as well as the significant activation of insulin signaling, once lowered in diabetics |
| Nogueira [44] | Oronasal fistula in dog: repair with a simple flap associated with a protein-purified angiogenic factor of hevea latex, aired with collagen sponge array—an experimental study | This experiment intended to use the purified protein fraction of hevea latex on the repair of inflicted oronasal communications, for experimental simulation of fistula, after the dogs’ upper canines’ dental extraction | | | 6 dogs | The results were better quality healing, less inflammatory processes at the end of 21 days, less occurrence of suture dehiscence, and a greater amount of bone tissue in the alveoli, concluding that the use of the protein factor helps the repair process, making it faster and more efficient |
| Herculano [45] | Development of natural latex membranes for medical applications | In this work, we tested the latex biomembrane as an occlusive membrane for GBR with promising results | | In vitro laboratory tests | | The result indicated that the latex biomembrane could be used as an active membrane to fasten the healing process |
| Friolani [46] | The use of the latex hevea biomembrane (Hevea brasiliensis) in rabbits’ diaphragmatic lesions: an experimental study | Considering the healing process accelerating properties the latex biomembrane has presented, this work aimed at evaluating the behavior of a natural latex biomembrane flap in diaphragmatic lesions experimentally induced in rabbits | | | 15 rabbits | It was possible to conclude that the use of the latex membrane in repairing diaphragmatic lesions, due to its low cost and subsequent easiness to obtain and be used, not to mention its strength, presented a satisfactory answer in relation to the time of healing |
| Matos [47] | Effects of the natural latex biomembrane (Hevea brasiliensis) in Wistar rats submitted to body heat injury by scalding | Latex membrane biocompatibility | | | 21 Wistar rats | The LBM (latex biomembrane) improved the healing in burned areas and stimulated neoangiogenesis, appearing then to be a promising therapeutic resource for healing of burned skin, in which tissue revascularization is important |
| Borsari [48] | Effects of the application of the natural latex biomembrane and frog skin extract (Lithobates catesbiana) (Shaw, 1802) in Wistar rats surgical wounds | A comparison between natural latex biomembrane’s reaction whether isolated or with frog skin extract in cutaneous wounds. This work aims at evaluating the tissue reparation in the following aspects: biocompatibility, healing capacity, and possible complications | | | 60 Wistar rats | All showed positive healing signs |
| Andrade [49] | Natural rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis latex biomembrane’s activity in tissue neoformation in mice | The natural rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis latex biomembrane, used as a bandage in the treatment of chronic ulcers in humans, proves to be effective in debridement and to stimulate granulation and accelerating healing. Its mechanism of action is still unknown, making it important to evaluate its activity as an implant in tissue induction by comparing it to other implants and normal healing | | | 60 C57BL/6 mice | It is concluded that the natural rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis latex biomembrane plays a significant role in the inflammatory phase of wound healing, thus being important in the neurophilic recruiting in the wound site, confirmed quantitatively by the concentration of myeloperoxidase and interleukin and immunohistochemistry. This fact seems to influence directly the subsequent phases of the healing process, confirmed by its ability to stimulate angiogenesis, which is probably not influenced by VEGF, and by stimulating fibroplasia TGF1 independent and with no modification on collagen production |
| Frade [50] | Foot ulcer: clinical characterization and immunohistopathological profile of healing in the presence of the natural rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis latex biomembrane | Foot ulcer is a very common disease in the elderly population. Numerous types of bandages are currently used for foot ulcer treatment with different indications, advantages and disadvantages, and which effectiveness is not well comprehended due to the discontinuity of the treatments and the costs involved in some situations. This work aims at evaluating the action of the latex biomembrane (LBM) in treating foot ulcers, which behaved like an efficient healing tissue inducer | 21 humans | | | The global analysis of the data suggests that treatment with the biomembrane leads to scar tissue organization consequent to the increased production of cellular growth factors. Thus, the biomembrane is characterized as a good therapeutic option for foot ulcer due to the practicality of its application, low cost, and high potential in the induction of healing |
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