Weekend-Based Parent-Group Intervention to Reduce Stress in Parents of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Study

Table 2

Estimated mean scores in the whole sample.

Scale	Baseline	M1	M3	P (M1 vs. baseline)	P (M3 vs. baseline)	Effect size M1 vs. baseline	Effect size M3 vs. baseline
PSI-SF				0.64	0.03	0.4	0.4
PD				0.54	0.03	0.5	0.5
I				0.69	0.96	-0.3	-0.3
DC				0.39	0.004	0.7	0.7
DRD				0.88	0.13	0.1	0.1
HFS				0.92	0.51	-0.1	-0.1
Behavior				0.49	0.66	-0.6	-0.6
Worry				0.75	0.54	0.3	0.3
SF-36
PF				0.09	0.82	1.3	1.3
RP				0.14	0.96	1.6	1.6
BP				0.44	0.27	-0.8	-0.8
GH				0.21	0.42	-1.0	-1.0
VT				0.62	0.50	-0.4	-0.4
RE				0.63	0.53	-0.4	-0.4
SF				0.03	0.007	-2.0	-2.0
MH				0.35	0.09	-0.8	-0.8
PCS				0.35	0.77	1.0	1.0
MCS				0.14	0.18	-1.3	-1.3
PHLOC
Child				0.23	0.96	-1.0	-1.0
Divine				0.29	0.92	1.2	1.2
Influence				0.005	0.28	-2.0	-2.0
Fate/luck				0.04	0.25	-2.1	-2.1
Mass media				0.50	0.62	0.8	0.8
Parents				0.48	0.08	0.7	0.7
Professional				0.25	0.63	-1.4	-1.4

Abbreviations: M1—after one month; M3—after three months; PSI-SF—Parenting Stress Index Short Form; PD—Parental Distress; I—interaction; DC—difficult child; DRD—Diabetes-Related Distress; HSF—Hypoglycemia Fear Survey; SF-36—Health Survey Short Form-36; PF—physical function; RP—role limitations due to physical problems; BP—bodily pain; GH—general health; VT—energy/vitality; RE—role limitations due to emotional problems; SF—social functioning; MH—mental health; PCS—physical component summary; MCS—mental component summary; PHLOC—Parent Health Locus of Control Scale.