Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Fetomaternal Outcomes of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Kuwait: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 2
Associations between maternal characteristics and gestational diabetes mellitus status.
GDM % (/total)
Unadjusted OR (95% CI)
Adjusted1 OR (95% CI)
Nationality
Kuwaiti
10.2 (55/541)
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Non-Kuwaiti
16.5 (54/327)
1.75 (1.17, 2.62)
2.77 (1.67, 4.58)
value
0.007
<0.001
Age (years)
<25
6.6 (10/152)
1.00 (reference)
—
25 – 29
10.3 (27/262)
1.63 (0.77, 3.47)
—
30 – 34
14.2 (36/253)
2.36 (1.13, 4.90)
—
≥35
18.2 (36/198)
3.16 (1.51, 6.59)
—
value
0.008
—
Education level
≤Middle school
27.1 (13/48)
3.03 (1.53, 5.98)
1.78 (0.76, 4.17)
High School
15.6 (22/141)
1.51 (0.90, 2.52)
1.62 (0.92, 2.86)
≥College or university
10.9 (74/677)
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
value
0.004
0.147
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2)
Normal (<25.0)
7.9 (27/343)
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Overweight (25.0 – 29.9)
15.7 (39/249)
2.17 (1.29, 3.66)
2.23 (1.29, 3.87)
Obese (≥30.0)
17.0 (27/159)
2.39 (1.35, 4.24)
2.05 (1.11, 3.79)
value
0.003
0.011
Family history of GDM2
No
9.5 (58/614)
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Yes
19.9 (50/251)
2.39 (1.58, 3.60)
2.70 (1.65, 4.41)
value
<0.001
<0.001
Family history of DM3
No
8.8 (32/363)
1.00 (reference)
—
Yes
15.1 (76/503)
1.84 (1.19, 2.85)
—
value
0.006
—
History of stillbirth/miscarriage
No
10.8 (65/602)
1.00 (reference)
1.00 (reference)
Yes
16.1 (41/255)
1.58 (1.04, 2.41)
1.71 (1.06, 2.77)
value
0.033
0.029
GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval. 1Stepwise variable selection method was applied to choose the best-fitting model. Variables were selected based on value cutoff of 0.2 for variable entry and stay in the model. Adjusted ORs are presented for the variables that were selected in the stepwise selection process. The variables age and family history of DM were not selected in this selection process. 2Refers to history of GDM in mother and/or sister of the participant. 3Refers to history of DM in mother, father, and/or sibling of the participant.
