Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Fetomaternal Outcomes of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Kuwait: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 3

Associations between gestational diabetes mellitus status and pregnancy-related, fetal, and neonatal complications.

Outcome variables	GDM; % ()	No GDM; % ()	Unadjusted model		Adjusted model
			OR (95% CI)	value	OR (95% CI)	value
Mode of delivery
Vaginal	51.9 (56)	67.1 (504)	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Caesarean section	48.1 (52)	32.9 (247)	1.90 (1.26, 2.85)	0.002	1.76 (1.17, 2.66)^1	0.007
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
No	74.1 (80)	83.8 (632)	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Yes	25.9 (28)	16.2 (122)	1.81 (1.13, 2.91)	0.014	1.63 (0.97, 2.73)^2	0.067
Preterm baby (<37 weeks)
No	79.3 (84)	86.0 (646)	1.00 (reference)
Yes	20.7 (22)	14.0 (105)	1.61 (0.97, 2.69)	0.068	N/A
Fetal macrosomia (≥4000 g)
No	83.2 (79)	93.3 (601)	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Yes	16.8 (16)	6.7 (43)	2.83 (1.52, 5.26)	0.001	2.36 (1.14, 4.89)^3	0.021

N/A refers to the situation of failing to find a covariate/confounder that changed the OR associated with GDM status of the full model by more than 10%. ¹Adjusted for maternal nationality. ²Adjusted for maternal prepregnancy BMI. ³Adjusted for maternal nationality, prepregnancy BMI, and family history of GDM.