Myocardial Ischemia and Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Oxidative Stress in the Connection between Cardiac Metabolism and Coronary Blood Flow

Table 2

Main drugs and molecules which may have a role against IHD using ion channels as therapeutic target.

Drug	Biological effects	Functions
Sulphonylureas	Antagonist of the SUR subunit of pancreatic β-cell KATP	Promotion of β-cell depolarization and insulin secretion
Pinacidil and cromakalim	Kir6.2/SUR2A KATP and Kir6.2/SUR2B KATP channel openers	(i) Arteriole resistance reduction; (ii) Arterial blood pressure reduction; (iii) Vasodilatation
Nicorandil	Nitrate-like and proangiogenetic effect, calcium channel blocker, M2 macrophage polarization stimulator, M1 macrophage polarization inhibitor, and NF-κB p65 subunit inhibitor	(i) Prevention of ventricular arrhythmias in patients who underwent coronary angioplasty after acute myocardial infarction; (ii) Reduction of macrophage phagocytic activity, ROS and cytokine production, and improvement of mitochondrial membrane stability and Bcl-2/Bax ratio; (iii) Promotion of endothelial reconstitution; (iv) Improvement of the prognosis of patients with stable angina
Levosimendan	mBKCa-channel activator and calcium sensitizer, KATP activator	(i) Heart pump function improvement and reduction of the risk to develop arrhythmic events after myocardial ischemia; (ii) Vasodilatation and increase in CBF
Isosteviol sodium	ROS scavenger	(i) Inhibition of QTc prolongation related to ischemia/reperfusion injury and reduction of Ikr and Ikatp channel inhibition during ischemia/reperfusion injury
N-3-PUFA	Coronary BKCa channel activation, Ca^2+ concentration in coronary smooth muscle cell reduction	(i) Vasodilation and increase in CBF
NOX inhibitor	ROS reduction
Nrf-2 activator	Catalase and erythrocyte SOD activity induction in vivo
Vitamin E	Antioxidant activity