Distinct Effects of Carrageenan and High-Fat Consumption on the Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Nonobese and Obese Models of Type 2 Diabetes

Figure 2

Distinct mechanisms lead to increases in phospho(Ser32)-IκBα and phospho(Ser307/312)-IRS1. (a) Phospho-IκBα was increased in the hepatic and pancreatic tissues of the mice (, ). The combination yielded a significantly greater increase (). (b) Palmitic acid also increased the phospho(Ser)-IκBα. The effect of palmitic acid was inhibited by sotrastaurin but not by the combination of Tempol and BC10 siRNA, which inhibited the carrageenan-induced effects (, ). (c) Phospho(Ser307/312)-IRS1 increased in the hepatic and pancreatic tissues of the treated animals (, ). The increase by the combination of carrageenan and HFD was significantly greater. (d) The palmitic acid-induced increase in phospho(Ser307/312)-IRS1 was blocked by exposure to the PKC inhibitor sotrastaurin (, ). CGN = carrageenan; IRS = insulin receptor substrate; PA = palmitic acid; PKC = protein kinase C.

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