Review Article

Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Metformin, Glyburide, and Insulin in Treating Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Search strategy.

Search terms
Unless otherwise stated, search terms are free text terms; ab = abstract; adj = adjacent; exp = exploded MeSH; MeSH = medical subject heading (Medline medical index term); ot = original title; pt = publication type; sh = MeSH; kw = key word; tw = text word; ti = title; the dollar sign ($) stands for any character(s); the question mark (?) = to substitute for one or no characters.
PubMed: 2432
#1 metformin.ti,ab.
#2 melbine.ti,ab.
#3 DMBG.ti,ab.
#4 MET.ti,ab.
#5 dimethylbiguanidium.ti,ab.
#6 dimethyldiguanide.ti,ab.
#7 dimethylguanylguanidine.ti,ab.
#8 glucophage.ti,ab.
#9 glucovance.ti,ab.
#10 #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 182772
#11 “Metformin”[Mesh] 11462
#12 #10 OR #11 184373
#13 Insulin.ti,ab.
#14 Insulinum.ti,ab.
#15 iletin.ti,ab.
#16 InS.ti,ab.
#17 NPH.ti,ab.
#18 (detemir OR levemir). ti,ab.
#19 (glargin* OR lantus). ti,ab.
#20 #13 OR #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 OR #19 343653
#21 “Insulin”[Mesh] 177525
#22 #20 OR #21 377267
#23 glyburide.ti,ab.
#24 glibenclamide.ti,ab.
#25 glimepiride.ti,ab.
#26 glipizide.ti,ab.
#27 sulfonylurea.ti,ab.
#28 sulphonylurea.ti,ab.
#29 #23 OR #24 OR #25 OR #26 OR #27 OR #28 15748
#30 “Glyburide”[Mesh] 6051
#31 #29 OR #30 16747
#32pregnan*.ti,ab.
#33 gestation*.ti,ab.
#34 GDM.ti,ab.
#35 gestational diabetes.ti,ab.
#36 diabetes mellitus in pregnancy.ti,ab.
#37 (diabetes AND pregnancy).ti,ab.
#38 #32 OR #33 OR #34 OR #35 OR #36 OR #37 573953
#39 “Diabetes, Gestational”[Mesh] 10717
#40 “Pregnancy”[Mesh] 845568
#41 #38 OR #39 OR #40 1001062
#42 (randomized controlled trial[pt] OR controlled clinical trial[pt] OR randomized[ti,ab] OR placebo[ti,ab] OR randomly[ti,ab] OR trial[ti]) OR clinical trials as topic[mesh:noexp] NOT (animals [mh] NOT (humans [mh] AND animals[mh])) 1094992
#43 #12 OR #22 OR #31 566406
#44 #41 AND #43 28852
#45 #44 AND #42 2432
Embase: 3978
#1 ‘metformin’/exp 55,211
#2 ‘metformin’:ab,ti OR ‘melbine’:ab,ti OR ‘dmbg’:ab,ti OR ‘met’:ab,ti OR ‘dimethylbiguanidium’:ab,ti OR ‘dimethyldiguanide’:ab,ti OR ‘dimethylguanylguanidine’:ab,ti OR ‘glucophage’:ab,ti OR ‘glucovance’:ab,ti 285,081
#3 #1 OR #2 312,295
#4 ‘insulin’/exp 335,113
#5 ‘insulinum’:ab,ti OR ‘insulin’:ab,ti OR ‘nph’:ab,ti OR ‘detemir’:ab,ti OR ‘levemir’:ab,ti OR ‘glargin*’:ab,ti OR ‘lantus’:ab,ti 460,703
#6 #4 OR #5 543,932
#7 ‘glibenclamide’/exp 23,962
#8 ‘glyburide’:ab,ti OR ‘glibenclamide’:ab,ti OR ‘glimepiride’:ab,ti OR ‘glipizide’:ab,ti OR ‘sulfonylurea’:ab,ti OR ‘sulphonylurea’:ab,ti 23,059
#9 #7 OR #8 34,460
#10 ‘pregnancy’/exp 745,337
#11 ‘pregnancy diabetes mellitus’/exp 32,173
#12 ‘pregnan*’:ab,ti OR ‘gestation*’:ab,ti OR ‘gdm’:ab,ti OR ‘gestational diabetes’:ab,ti OR ‘diabetes mellitus in pregnancy’:ab,ti OR (‘diabetes’:ab,ti AND ‘pregnancy’:ab,ti) 770,703
#13 #10 OR #11 OR #12 1,057,118
#14 #3 OR #6 OR #9 845,415
#15 #13 AND #14 40,184
#16 #15 AND ([cochrane review]/lim OR [systematic review]/lim OR [meta analysis]/lim OR [controlled clinical trial]/lim OR [randomized controlled trial]/lim) 3978
Web of Science: 4651
# 1 Topic: (Metformin) OR Topic: (melbine) OR Topic: (DMBG) OR Topic: (MET) OR Topic: (dimethylbiguanidium) OR Topic: (dimethyldiguanide) OR Topic: (glucophage) OR Topic: (glucovance) 576,285
# 2 Topic: (Insulin) OR Topic: (iletin) OR Topic: (InS) OR Topic: (NPH) OR Topic: (detemir or levemir) OR Topic: (glargin* or lantus) 437,814
# 3 Topic: (glyburide) OR Topic: (glibenclamide) OR Topic: (glimepiride) OR Topic: (glipizide) OR Topic: (sulfonylurea) OR Topic: (sulphonylurea) 19,751
# 4 Topic: (Pregnancy) OR Topic: (Diabetes, Gestational) OR Topic: (pregnan*) OR Topic: (gestation*) OR Topic: (GDM) OR Topic: (gestational diabetes) OR Topic: (diabetes mellitus in pregnancy) OR Topic: (diabetes AND pregnancy) 488,448
# 5 Topic: (randomized controlled trial) OR Topic: (controlled clinical trial) OR Topic: (randomized) OR Topic: (placebo) OR Topic: (randomly) OR Topic: (trial) OR Topic: (clinical trials as topic) 1,921,062
# 6 #3 OR #2 OR #1 1,027,299
# 7 #4 AND #6 28,082
# 8 #5 AND #7 4,651
CINAHL: 878
#1 (MH “Metformin”) 4,429
#2 (AB Metformin OR AB melbine OR AB DMBG OR AB MET OR AB dimethylbiguanidium OR AB dimethyldiguanide OR AB dimethylguanylguanidine OR AB glucophage OR AB glucovance) 55,171
#3 (MH “Insulin+”) 26,217
#4 (MH “Insulin, Short-Acting”) 51
#5 (MH “Insulin, Intermediate-Acting”)20
#6 (MH “Insulin, Long-Acting”)328
#7 (MH “Insulin, Rapid-Acting+”)294
#8 (MH “Protamines”) 181
#9 AB Insulin OR AB Insulinum OR AB iletin OR AB InS OR AB NPH OR AB neutral protamine hegedom OR AB (detemir or levemir) OR AB (glargin* or lantus) 37,056
#10 (MH “Glyburide”) 607
#11 (MH “Glimepiride”) 82
#12 (MH “Glipizide”) 138
#13 (MH “Sulfonylurea Compounds+”) 2,146
#14 AB Glyburide OR AB glibenclamide OR AB glimepiride OR AB glipizide OR AB sulfonylurea OR AB sulphonylurea 2,290
#15 (MH “Pregnancy+”) 175,387
#16 (MH “Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational”) 5,377
#17 (MH “Pregnancy in Diabetes+”) 7,026
#18 AB Pregnancy OR AB Diabetes, Gestational OR AB pregnan* OR AB gestation* OR AB gdm OR AB gestational diabetes OR AB (diabetes and pregnancy) OR AB diabetes mellitus in pregnancy OR AB gestational diabetes OR AB gestational diabetes mellitus 92,542
#19 #1 OR #2 11,271
#20 #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 7,514
#21 #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 OR #14 559
#22 #15 OR #16 OR #17 OR #18 42,697
#23 #19 OR #20 OR #21 18,539
#24 #22 AND #23 878
Cochrane Library: 8814
#1 [Metformin] [Mesh] 3299
#2 (Metformin): ti,ab,kw OR (MET):ti,ab,kw 27959
#3 (dimethyldiguanide): ti,ab,kw OR (dimethylguanylguanidine):ti,ab,kw OR (glucophage):ti,ab,kw OR (glucovance):ti,ab,kw
(Word variations have been searched) 103
#4 #1 OR #2 OR #3 27963
#5 (Insulin): ti,ab,kw OR (iletin):ti,ab,kw OR (InS):ti,ab,kw 1146182
#6 (NPH): ti,ab,kw OR (neutral protamine hegedom):ti,ab,kw OR (detemir or levemir):ti,ab,kw OR (glargin* or lantus):ti,ab,kw 2517
#7 [Insulins] [Mesh] 12622
#8 #5 OR #6 OR #7 1146186
#9 [Glyburide] [Mesh] 568
#10 (glyburide): ti,ab,kw OR (glibenclamide):ti,ab,kw OR (glimepiride):ti,ab,kw OR (glipizide):ti,ab,kw AND (sulfonylurea):ti,ab,kw 1981
#11 (sulphonylurea):ti,ab,kw 545
#12 #9 OR #10 OR #11 2318
#13 #4 OR #8 OR #12 1146617
#14 [Pregnancy] [Mesh] 6925
#15 [Diabetes, Gestational] [Mesh] 692
#16 (diabetes AND pregnancy): ti,ab,kw 2228
#17 (GDM): ti,ab,kw OR (gestational diabetes):ti,ab,kw OR (diabetes mellitus in pregnancy):ti,ab,kw OR (diabetes AND pregnancy):ti,ab,kw 2468
#18 #14 OR #15 OR #16 OR #17 9109
#19 #13 AND #18 7968