Journal of Diabetes Research

Research Article

Long-Term Tea Consumption Is Associated with Reduced Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy: A Cross-Sectional Survey among Elderly Chinese from Rural Communities

Table 2

Univariable logistic regression analysis of the risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy.


	Total ()	DR ()	Non-DR ()	OR (95% CI)

	Number (%)
Gender
Male	241 (46.35)	19 (35.19)	222 (47.64)	1	Ref
Female	279 (53.65)	35 (64.81)	244 (52.36)	1.68 (0.93–3.02)	0.085
Occupation
Peasant	285 (54.81)	34 (62.96)	251 (53.86)	1	Ref
Other	235 (45.19)	20 (37.04)	215 (46.14)	0.69 (0.38–1.23)	0.203
Educational level
Illiterate or no education	239 (45.96)	29 (53.70)	210 (45.06)	1	Ref
Primary education and above	281 (54.04)	25 (46.30)	256 (54.94)	0.71 (0.40–1.24)	0.228
Individual monthly income
≤¥2,000	406 (78.08)	38 (70.37)	368 (78.97)	1	Ref
>¥2,000	114 (21.92)	16 (29.63)	98 (21.03)	1.58 (0.85–2.95)	0.148
Diabetes diagnosis
Newly	137 (26.35)	17 (31.48)	120 (25.75)	1	Ref
Previously	383 (73.65)	37 (68.52)	346 (74.25)	0.75 (0.41–1.39)	0.367
Insulin
No	450 (86.54)	47 (86.48)	403 (86.48)	1	Ref
Yes	70 (13.46)	7 (13.52)	63 (13.52)	0.953 (0.41–2.20)	0.910
Self-reported glycemic control
Poor	458 (88.08)	52 (96.30)	406 (87.12)	1	Ref
Good	62 (11.92)	2 (3.70)	60 (12.88)	0.26 (0.06–1.10)	0.067
Hypertension
No	159 (30.58)	14 (25.93)	145 (31.12)	1	Ref
Yes	361 (69.42)	40 (74.07)	321 (68.88)	1.529 (0.70–3.35)	0.289
Smoking
No	402 (77.31)	44 (81.48)	358 (76.82)	1	Ref
Yes	118 (22.69)	10 (18.52)	108 (23.18)	0.75 (0.37–1.55)	0.44
Alcohol consumption
No	404 (77.69)	44 (81.48)	360 (77.25)	1	Ref
Yes	116 (22.31)	10 (18.52)	106 (22.75)	0.77 (0.38–1.59)	0.481
Type of tea consumption
Non-tea consumption	331 (63.65)	39 (72.22)	292 (62.66)	1	Ref
Green tea	168 (32.31)	13 (24.07)	155 (33.26)	0.63 (0.33–1.21)	0.165
Non-green tea	21 (4.04)	2 (3.70)	19 (4.08)	0.79 (0.18–3.51)	0.755
Frequency of tea consumption
Non-tea consumption	331 (63.65)	39 (72.22)	292 (62.66)	1	Ref
1–5 times/week	19 (3.65)	3 (5.56)	16 (3.43)	1.40 (0.39–5.04)	0.603
>5 times/week	170 (32.69)	12 (22.22)	158 (33.91)	0.57 (0.29–1.12)	0.101
Duration of tea consumption group
Non-tea consumption	331 (63.65)	39 (72.22)	292 (62.66)	1	Ref
1~19 years	50 (9.62)	9 (16.67)	41 (8.80)	1.64 (0.74–3.64)	0.221
≥20 years	139 (26.73)	6 (11.11)	133 (28.54)	0.34 (0.14–0.82)	0.016

	Mean (standard deviation)
Age (y)				1.00 (0.96–1.05)	0.918
Duration of tea consumption (y)				0.97 (0.95–1.00)	0.020
Duration of diabetes (y)				1.03 (0.98–1.07)	0.218
BMI (kg/m²)				1.03 (0.92–1.15)	0.584
FBG (mmol/L)				1.12 (0.99–1.26)	0.075
TC (mmol/L)				0.91 (0.67–1.24)	0.540
TG (mmol/L)				0.81 (0.57–1.16)	0.257
HDL-C (mmol/L)				0.64 (0.27–1.55)	0.324
LDL-C (mmol/L)				1.07 (0.74–1.55)	0.727
SBP (mm Hg)				1.01 (1.00–1.03)	0.063
DBP (mm Hg)				1.00 (0.98–1.03)	0.909

Note. DR: diabetic retinopathy; non-DR: nondiabetic retinopathy; OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confident interval; BMI: body mass index; FBG: fasting blood glucose; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure. Bold type indicates statistical significance ( < 0.05).