Review Article
Prevalence of Diabetic Nephropathy among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in China: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Table 2
Prevalence of DN by study and design characteristics.
| | Subgroups | No. of studies | Prevalence estimate (%) and 95% CI | Heterogeneity 2 (%) | value |
| | Time | 0.73 | | ≤2000 | 3 | 18.7 (9.6-33.3) | 98.6 | | | 2001~2010 | 9 | 24.2 (19.0-30.4) | 96.5 | | | >2010 | 11 | 24.0 (19.4-29.3) | 98.7 | | | Diagnostic criteria for DN | <0.01 | | ADA criteria 1997 | 1 | 23.5 (19.7-27.9) | — | | | ADA criteria 2007 | 1 | 15.4 (14.0-17.0) | — | | | Clinical diagnosis | 18 | 21.8 (17.2-27.2) | 99.0 | | | CTM criteria 2010 | 1 | 18.0 (14.9-21.6) | — | | | KDIGO 2012 | 1 | 29.7 (29.2-30.2) | — | | | KDOQI 2007 | 1 | 18.5 (16.6-20.6) | — | | | KDOQI 2012 | 1 | 27.1 (25.6-28.7) | — | | | KDOQI 2014 | 1 | 39.4 (35.5-43.6) | — | | | Mogensen criteria | 2 | 9.5 (8.4-10.7) | 3.4 | | | Renal biopsy | 3 | 29.6 (7.9-67.3) | 96.7 | | | Diagnostic criteria for DM | <0.01 | | 1985 WHO/1999 China diagnostic standards | 1 | 9.0 (7.7-10.5) | — | | | ADA criteria 2005 | 1 | 18.5 (16.6-20.6) | — | | | ADA criteria 2007 | 1 | 8.2 (5.4-12.4) | — | | | ADA criteria 2009 | 2 | 29.3 (19.1-42.2) | 97.5 | | | Clinical diagnosis | 8 | 24.7 (15.5-36.9) | 99.0 | | | History of DM | 6 | 35.3 (30.7-40.2) | 92.5 | | | WHO criteria 1985 | 2 | 13.9 (6.9-26.1) | 97.5 | | | WHO criteria 1999 | 8 | 16.9 (13.4-21.2) | 97.8 | | | WHO criteria 2004 | 1 | 18.0 (14.9-21.6) | — | | | Region | <0.01 | | Central region | 3 | 15.6 (4.9-39.8) | 99.6 | | | East region | 19 | 22.3 (18.6-26.5) | 97.4 | | | Northeast region | 3 | 20.7 (15.2-27.6) | 96.5 | | | West region | 2 | 41.3 (37.1-45.6) | 39.0 | | | Population source | 0.52 | | Community-based | 5 | 18.5 (10.0-31.5) | 99.0 | | | Hospital-based | 25 | 22.4 (18.8-26.5) | 99.1 | | | Age | 0.15 | | <60 | 12 | 24.8 (20.2-30.1) | 97.9 | | | ≥60 | 9 | 19.5 (14.9-25.1) | 98.8 | | | BMI | 0.20 | | <25 | 4 | 14.4 (7.3-26.4) | 97.7 | | | ≥25 | 5 | 23.8 (15.4-34.8) | 99.5 | | | Sex | <0.01 | | Male-dominated | 16 | 27.7 (24.1-31.7) | 97.3 | | | Female-dominated | 10 | 17.6 (12.6-24.0) | 99.2 | | | Urban and rural | 0.12 | | Rural | 2 | 26.2 (13.0-45.7) | 99.2 | | | Urban | 26 | 20.5 (17.1-24.3) | 99.1 | | | Urban and rural | 2 | 37.0 (21.2-56.2) | 96.2 | | | DM duration | 0.27 | | <8 | 7 | 26.0 (17.7-36.4) | 99.6 | | | 8~9 | 5 | 17.4 (11.2-26.1) | 98.9 | | | 10~ | 2 | 29.0 (14.1-50.4) | 98.8 | | | Sample size | 0.25 | | <1000 | 17 | 24.5 (18.8-31.3) | 97.6 | | | 1000~3000 | 9 | 17.3 (12.4-23.6) | 98.9 | | | 3000~ | 4 | 21.8 (13.7-33.0) | 99.8 | | | Quality | 0.47 | | 20 | 5 | 26.3 (14.0-43.8) | 98.9 | | | ≥20 | 25 | 20.9 (17.5-24.7) | 99.1 | | | Systolic blood pressure | 0.71 | | ≥140 | 2 | 28.7 (7.6-66.2) | 97.6 | | | <140 | 4 | 22.5 (13.6-35.1) | 99.8 | | | Diastolic blood pressure | 0.61 | | ≥80 | 3 | 17.0 (5.9-40.0) | 97.6 | | | <80 | 4 | 22.5 (13.6-35.1) | 99.8 | |
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