How Much Do We Know about the Biopsychosocial Predictors of Glycaemic Control? Age and Clinical Factors Predict Glycaemic Control, but Psychological Factors Do Not
Table 1
Demographic, social, and clinical characteristics of the participants.
Variables
Participants ()
Percentage (%)
Age
63 yearsa
16b
Gender:
Male
158
52.7
Female
141
47.0
Missing
1
0.3
Ethnicity:
Malays
195
65.0
Non-Malays
105
35.0
Marital status:
Married
231
77.0
Single/divorce/widow/widower
67
22.3
Missing
2
0.7
Education status:
No education/primary education
45
15.0
Secondary education
133
44.3
Tertiary education
119
39.7
Missing
3
1.0
Employment status:
Employed
80
26.7
Retired/unemployed
217
72.3
Missing
3
1.0
Monthly income:
<Ringgit Malaysia (RM) 3,000
166
55.3
≥Ringgit Malaysia (RM) 3,000
118
39.3
Missing
16
5.3
Religion:
Islam
199
66.3
Other religions
99
33.0
Missing
2
0.7
Cigarette smoking:
Nonsmoker
280
93.3
Smoker
20
6.7
Alcohol use:
Yes
26
8.7
No
271
90.3
Missing
3
1.0
Recreational drug use:
Yes
5
1.7
No
294
98.0
Missing
1
0.3
Self-perceived social support:
Poor
18
6.0
Moderate
48
16.0
Good
233
77.7
Missing
1
0.3
Types of diabetes mellitus:
Gestational diabetes
6
2.0
Type 1 diabetes
22
7.3
Type 2 diabetes
269
89.7
Missing
3
1.0
HbA1C
7.6a
2.7b
Fasting blood glucose
7.1a
3.4b
Duration of diabetes mellitus
14 yearsa
12 yearsb
Number of medications taken
6 typesa
3 typesb
Number of diabetic medications taken
2 typesa
1 typeb
Insulin therapy:
Yes
138
46.0
No
114
38.0
Missing
48
16.0
Frequency of clinic visits per year
2a
2b
Number of days of missed medications
0a
0b
Number of days of reduced medication intake
0a
0b
Self-perceived diabetic control:
Poor
15
5.0
Moderate
70
23.3
Good
214
71.3
Missing
1
0.3
Diabetic control:
Good ()
92
30.7
Poor ()
208
69.3
Comorbid medical illnesses:
Hypertension
222
74.0
Hypercholesterolemia
152
50.7
Ischaemic heart diseases
82
27.3
Cerebrovascular incidents
27
9.0
Renal diseases
53
17.7
Obesity status:
No ()
65
21.7
Overweight (body mass index between 25.0 and 29.9)
