Identification of Potential Serum Metabolic Biomarkers of Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Widely Targeted Metabolomics Study

Table 2

The statistical difference in 11 serum metabolic biomarker candidates.

Metabolites	Class	VIP	value	Trend	Mode	Rt		OR (95% CI)	value	FDR-adjusted value
Hexadecanoic Acid (C16:0)	Lipid-free fatty acid	6.02239	<0.001	UP	N	11.65	256.24	0.2 (0.1, 0.5)	0.002	0.028
Linolelaidic Acid (C18:2N6T)	Lipid-free fatty acid	6.25109	<0.001	UP	N	11.1	280.24	0.2 (0.1, 0.5)	<0.001	0.016
Linoleic Acid (C18:2N6C)	Lipid-free fatty acid	6.05045	<0.001	UP	N	11.1	280.24	0.2 (0.1, 0.6)	0.001	0.018
Trans-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline	Amino acids and their derivatives	4.10297	0.004	Down	P	1.21	131.058	2.4 (1.3, 4.5)	0.006	0.058
6-Aminocaproic Acid	Organic acids and their derivatives	3.67465	0.001	Down	P	1.16	131.095	4.3 (1.8, 10.5)	0.001	0.028
L-Dihydroorotic Acid	Organic acids and their derivatives	4.06423	<0.001	Down	P	0.58	158.033	35.0 (4.0, 308.4)	0.001	0.018
6-Methylmercaptopurine	Nucleotides and their derivatives	3.08662	0.005	Down	P	1.85	166.0313	2.7 (1.3, 5.8)	0.009	0.065
Piperidine	—	1.53861	0.002	Down	P	1.16	85.08915	49.3 (4.1, 589.9)	0.002	0.04
Azoxystrobin Acid	—	1.18869	<0.001	UP	P	6.99	389.1012	0.0 (0.0, 0.0)	0.002	0.001
Lysopc 20:4	Lipid-fatty acid	6.07644	0.002	UP	P	9		0.4 (0.2, 0.7)	0.004	0.03
Cuminaldehyde	Lipid-fatty acid	1.3433	0.002	Down	P	1.87	148.0888	14.9 (2.2, 101.8)	0.006	0.04

VIP: variable importance in the project; N: negative mode; P: positive mode; Rt: retention time (minutes); : mass-charge ratio; FDR: false discovery rate-adjusted value.