Clinical Examination and Self-Reported Upper Extremity Impairments in Patients with Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 1

Prevalence of self-reported upper extremity impairments.

Questionnaire	Reported impairments
	Total number of patients with impairment (%)	Bilateral impairments (%)	Unilateral impairments (%)
Do you have pain/ache in shoulder joints? (shoulder pain)	30 (44)	19 (28)	11 (16)
Do you have stiffness in shoulder joints? (shoulder stiffness)	33 (49)	26 (38)	7 (10)
Do you have pain/ache in the hand or forearm? (hand pain)	24 (35)	18 (27)	6 (9)
Are your hand or forearm stiff? (hand stiffness)	16 (24)	12 (18)	4 (6)
Do you have tingling or loss of sensation/numbness in fingers? (hand paresthesia)	27 (40)	19 (28)	8 (12)
Do you wake up at night due to pain or tingling/loss of sensation in hands? (wake up to tingling fingers)	18 (26)	13 (19)	5 (7)
Do you experience weakness in the hand? (reduced hand strength)	20 (29)	14 (21)	6 (9)
Have you ever had surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome (nerve entrapment in wrist)? (previous CT surgery)	10 (14)	6 (9)	4 (6)
Does it ever happen that one of the fingers “lock” when trying to bend it? (finger locking)	15 (22)	7 (10)	8 (12)
Do you have “tendon nodules” in the palm? (hand nodules)	10 (15)	5 (7)	5 (7)
Have you ever had surgery for “tendon nodules” or a stricture in the tendon sheath of the palm? (previous TF surgery)	6 (9)	4 (6)	2(3)
Have you had trouble straightening any finger/fingers? (flexed finger)	6 (9)	5 (7)	1 (2)