Clinical Examination and Self-Reported Upper Extremity Impairments in Patients with Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

Clinical examined shoulder mobility and grip force in patients with and without self-reported shoulder stiffness and reduced hand strength.

	All participants; ()	Patients self-reporting		value
Shoulder mobility (goniometer)^¤		Having shoulder stiffness; ()	No shoulder stiffness; ()
Flexion shoulder (degrees)				<0.001
Extension shoulder (degrees)				0.001
Abduction shoulder (degrees)				<0.001
Inward rotation shoulder (degrees)				<0.001
Outward rotation shoulder (degrees)				<0.001
Grip force (Grippit)^		Having reduced hand strength; ()	No reduced hand strength; ()
All (Newton)				<0.001
Male (Newton)^#				0.001
Female (Newton)^#				0.014

Data are presented in . value analyzed between patients with and without shoulder stiffness and reduced hand strength, respecitvely. ^¤The lowest obtained value in degrees from the five goniometer measurement axes left or right shoulder; flexion, extension, abduction, and inward and outward rotation, respectively. ^The lowest obtained Grippit value (Newton) for either left or right hand is presented. ^#Male (8 reported reduced hand strength and 26 not), female (12 reported reduced hand strength, 22 not).