Combined Effect of Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Trajectories of Ultrasound-Measured Fetal Growth: A Birth Cohort Study in Beijing, China
Table 1
Characteristics of study population by maternal 25(OH)D deficiency and GDM status.
Characteristics
All ()
No VDD and no GDM ()
VDD without GDM ()
GDM without VDD ()
Both VDD and GDM ()
value
Maternal age at delivery, (%)
<35 years
9857 (90.3)
5385 (90.8)
2528 (93.1)
1386 (84.7)
558 (88.0)
<0.001
≥35 years
1056 (9.7)
543 (9.2)
186 (6.9)
251 (15.3)
76 (12.0)
Maternal education levels, (%) ()
High school or below
3041 (28.3)
1591 (27.2)
769 (29.2)
444 (27.4)
237 (38.2)
<0.001
College
3370 (31.4)
1810 (30.9)
895 (33.9)
480 (29.7)
185 (29.8)
University or above
4324 (39.6)
2457 (41.9)
974 (36.9)
694 (42.9)
199 (32.0)
Employment, (%)
Yes
9405 (86.2)
5086 (85.8)
2373 (87.4)
1395 (85.2)
551 (86.9)
0.12
No
1508 (13.8)
842 (14.2)
341 (12.6)
242 (14.8)
83 (13.1)
Parity, (%)
Primipara
6688 (61.3)
3628 (61.2)
1718 (63.3)
961 (58.7)
381 (60.1)
0.02
Multipara
4225 (38.7)
2300 (38.8)
996 (36.7)
676 (41.3)
253 (39.9)
Macrosomia delivery history, (%)
Yes
150 (1.4)
74 (1.2)
29 (1.1)
38 (2.3)
9 (1.4)
0.004
No
10763 (98.6)
5854 (98.8)
2685 (98.9)
1599 (97.7)
625 (98.6)
Prepregnancy BMI status, (%) ()
Overweight/obese
2412 (22.1)
1137 (19.6)
542 (20.7)
494 (30.6)
239 (38.5)
<0.001
Not overweight/obese
8239 (75.5)
4662 (80.4)
2073 (79.3)
1123 (69.4)
381 (61.5)
Maternal TG level, median (IQR) (mmol/L)
1.0 (0.8~1.3)
0.9 (0.7~1.2)
1.0 (0.7~1.2)
1.1 (0.8~1.4)
1.1 (0.8~1.5)
<0.001
Sampling season, (%)
Spring
2972 (27.2)
1469 (24.8)
885 (32.6)
407 (24.9)
211 (33.3)
<0.001
Summer
2826 (25.9)
1936 (32.7)
321 (11.8)
492 (30.1)
77 (12.1)
Autumn
2436 (22.3)
1389 (23.4)
484 (17.8)
446 (27.2)
117 (18.5)
Winter
2679 (24.5)
1134 (19.1)
1024 (37.7)
292 (17.8)
229 (36.1)
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, (%)
Yes
457 (4.2)
219 (3.7)
101 (3.7)
93 (5.7)
44 (6.9)
<0.001
No
10456 (95.8)
5709 (96.3)
2613 (96.3)
1544 (94.3)
590 (93.1)
Newborn sex, (%)
Male
5574 (51.1)
2996 (50.5)
1413 (52.1)
842 (51.4)
323 (50.9)
0.61
Female
5339 (48.9)
2932 (49.5)
1301 (47.9)
795 (48.6)
311 (49.1)
2 test or independent samples of the Kruskal-Wallis test. Abbreviations: GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; IQR: interquartile range; TG: triglyceride; VDD: maternal 25(OH)D deficiency.
