Combined Effect of Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Trajectories of Ultrasound-Measured Fetal Growth: A Birth Cohort Study in Beijing, China

Table 3

Separate and combined effects of maternal 25(OH)D deficiency and GDM on fetal growth trajectories.

Predictors		Fetal growth assessed by EFW -score			Fetal growth assessed by AC -score
		(%) with excessive fetal growth	Crude OR	Adjusted OR	(%) with excessive fetal growth	Crude OR	Adjusted OR
No VDD, no GDM	5928	2798 (47.2)	Reference	Reference	2686 (45.3)	Reference	Reference
VDD without GDM	2714	1359 (50.1)	1.12 (1.02, 1.23)	1.11 (1.00, 1.21)	1272 (46.9)	1.07 (0.97, 1.17)	1.05 (0.95, 1.16)
GDM without VDD	1637	864 (52.8)	1.25 (1.12, 1.40)	1.15 (1.03, 1.29)	852 (52.0)	1.31 (1.17, 1.46)	1.19 (1.06, 1.33)
Both VDD and GDM	634	358 (56.5)	1.45 (1.23, 1.71)	1.36 (1.15, 1.62)	346 (54.6)	1.45 (1.23, 1.71)	1.32 (1.11, 1.56)

Abbreviations: AC: abdominal circumference; EFW: estimated fetal growth; CI: confidence interval; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; OR: odds ratio; VDD: maternal 25(OH)D deficiency.