Metabolism: A Novel Shared Link between Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer’s Disease

Table 1

Summary of epidemiological research on DM and AD in recent ten years.

Year	Country	Effective sample size	Case definition		Underlying mechanisms	Reference
			DM	AD/dementia
2009	Sweden	1248	Being recorded in the inpatient register system, or use of hypoglycemic drugs, or a random blood glucose at baseline (or HbA1c at second and third follow-up examinations)	Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, revised third edition criteria	Glucose dysregulation	[140]
2010	Japan	135	Glucose tolerance test and diabetes-related factors	The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease guidelines and the Braak stage	Insulin resistance	[141]
2011	America	29	American Diabetes Association glycemic criteria for pre-diabetes	Petersen criteria for mild cognitive impairment	Insulin resistance	[142]
2011	China	25393	At least 2 records of DM within one year during 2000–2007 or who had used either sulfonylureas or metformin as oral antidiabetic medication for more than three months	At least 2 records of a diagnosis of dementia within any 1 year during 2000–2007	Oral antidiabetic drugs could decrease the incidence of dementia in T2DM patients	[143]
2013	Japan	175	The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus	The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, revised 3rd edition	DM-related metabolic abnormalities	[4]
2017	Israel	363	The American Diabetes Association classification	The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition criteria	Insulin resistance	[144]
2019	Mexican American	69	Self-reported,	Neuropsychological tests	Cell-free mitochondrial DNA	[145]