Clinical Features and Risk Factors of ICU Admission for COVID-19 Patients with Diabetes
Table 1
Clinical features of COVID-19 patients with non-DM or DM.
Parameters
Total ()
Non-DM ()
DM ()
value
Clinical characteristics
Age, median (IOR), years
48.5 (34.3-62.0)
47.0 (33.0-61.0)
62.5 (55.50-64.75)
<0.0001
Age groups (years)
≤30
44 (15.3%)
44 (16.7%)
0 (0.0%)
<0.0001
30-45
87 (30.2%)
85 (32.2%)
2 (8.3%)
45-65
116 (40.3%)
97 (36.7%)
19 (79.2%)
>65
41 (14.2%)
38 (14.4%)
3 (12.5%)
Female, (%)
157 (54.5%)
143 (54.2%)
14 (58.3%)
0.695
Diabetes duration (years)
NA
NA
10.8 (6.5-15.6)
NA
Types of diabetes
Type 1
NA
NA
2 (8.3%)
NA
Type 2
NA
NA
22 (91.7%)
NA
Comorbidities
Hypertension
84 (29.2%)
68 (25.8%)
16 (66.7%)
<0.0001
CVD
85 (29.5%)
69 (26.1%)
16 (66.7%)
<0.0001
COPD
5 (1.7%)
4 (1.5%)
1 (4.2%)
0.343
Chronic kidney disease
8 (2.8%)
6 (2.3%)
2 (8.3%)
0.084
Chronic liver disease
10 (3.5%)
8 (3.0%)
2 (8.3%)
0.174
Signs and symptoms
Fever
201 (69.8%)
181 (68.6%)
20 (83.3%)
0.131
Chill
55 (19.1%)
52 (19.7%)
3 (12.5%)
0.390
Cough
163 (56.6%)
148 (56.1%)
15 (62.5%)
0.542
Expectoration
58 (20.1%)
52 (19.7%)
6 (25.0%)
0.535
Myalgia
35 (12.2%)
31 (11.7%)
4 (16.7%)
0.480
Fatigue
43 (14.9%)
40 (15.2%)
3 (12.5%)
0.727
Sore throat
67 (23.3%)
64 (24.2%)
3 (12.5%)
0.192
Headache
26 (9.0%)
24 (9.1%)
2 (8.3%)
0.901
Nausea or vomiting
29 (10.1%)
28 (10.6%)
1 (4.2%)
0.316
Diarrhea
11 (3.8%)
10 (3.8%)
1(4.2%)
0.926
Respiratory breaths per min
19 (6.6%)
14 (5.3%)
5 (20.8%)
0.003
Unilateral pneumonia
31 (10.8%)
30 (11.4%)
1 (4.2%)
0.274
Bilateral pneumonia
241 (83.7%)
219 (83.0%)
22 (91.7%)
0.269
Laboratory variables
White blood cell (×109/L)
5.20 (4.14-6.44)
5.20 (4.10-6.40)
5.39 (4.62-7.12)
0.840
White blood cell count, ×109/L (No. (%))
≤4
62 (21.5%)
58 (22.0%)
4 (16.7%)
0.825
4-10
216 (75.0%)
197 (74.6%)
19 (79.2%)
>10
10 (3.5%)
9 (3.4%)
1 (4.2%)
Lymphocyte count (×109/L)
1.42 (1.04-1.96)
1.42 (1.04-1.95)
1.40 (1.07-2.16)
0.314
Lymphocyte count, ×109/L (No. (%))
<1.1
91 (31.6%)
83 (31.4%)
8 (33.3%)
0.848
Platelet count (×109/L)
194.5 (158-247)
196.0 (160-247)
186.5 (142-228.5)
0.679
Hemoglobin (g/L)
135.5 (123-147)
136.0 (123-147)
133.5 (121-145.8)
0.656
Blood glucose (mmol/L)
4.97 (4.39-5.76)
4.56 (4.16-5.52)
7.95 (6.57-11.85)
0.001
HbA1c (%)
NA
NA
6.81 (5.91-7.95)
NA
HbA1c (No. (%))
<7%
NA
NA
9 (37.5%)
NA
≥7%
NA
NA
15 (62.5%)
Serum insulin (mIU/L)
NA
NA
20.68 (11.82-36.55)
NA
Procalcitonin (ng/mL)
0.13 (0.04-32.60)
0.13 (0.04-33.55)
0.097 (0.038-20.20)
0.733
C-reactive protein (mg/L)
9.00 (8.00-22.72)
9.00 (8.00-21.50)
21.15 (8.25-47.09)
0.039
C-reactive protein, mg/L (No. (%))
≤10
175 (60.8%)
167 (63.3%)
8 (33.3%)
0.004
>10
113 (39.2%)
97 (36.7%)
16 (66.7%)
D-dimer (μg/L)
1100 (700-1700)
1090 (680-1700)
1190 (850-1770)
0.198
D-dimer (No. (%))
<1000
125 (43.9%)
116 (44.3%)
9 (39.1%)
0.634
≥1000
160 (56.1%)
146 (55.7%)
14 (60.9%)
Myoglobin (μg/L)
15.00 (8.85-22.46)
14.75 (8.70-22.25)
19.00 (9.20-32.40)
0.003
Myoglobin, μg/L (No. (%))
<106
269 (97.1%)
247 (97.2%)
22 (95.7%)
0.662
≥106
8 (2.9%)
7 (2.8%)
1 (4.3%)
Troponin I (μg/L)
0.004 (0.001-0.009)
0.003 (0.001-0.009)
0.008 (0.002-0.017)
0.784
Creatine kinase (U/L)
52.00 (36.00-80.00)
52.00 (36.00-80.75)
51.00 (38.00-78.00)
0.351
Creatine kinase, U/L (No. (%))
≤310
283 (98.6%)
261 (98.9%)
22 (95.7%)
0.208
>310
4 (1.4%)
3 (1.1%)
1 (4.3%)
Creatinine (μmol/L)
61.80 (50.25-76.58)
62.05 (50.05-76.68)
60.00 (51.63-73.95)
0.616
ALT (U/L)
22.45 (14.30-34.50)
22.40 (14.30-34.15)
24.25 (14.50-52.27)
0.889
ALT, U/L (No. (%))
≤50
254 (88.2%)
237 (89.8%)
17 (70.8%)
0.006
>50
34 (11.8%)
27 (10.2%))
7 (29.2%)
AST (U/L)
18.35(14.9-25.63)
18.20 (14.53-24.48)
24.75 (16.88-44.50)
<0.0001
AST, U/L (No. (%))
≤40
256 (88.9%)
240 (90.9%)
16 (66.7%)
<0.0001
>40
32 (11.1%)
24 (9.1%)
8 (33.3%)
Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (percent). Abbreviation: IQR: interquartile range; NA: not applicable; CVD: cardiovascular disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase.
