Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Gout: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Table 2

Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis and quality assessment.

Author/year of publication	Cases ()	Controls ()	Male (%): cases/controls	Age: (): cases/controls	Type of DM	Adjustment by	Adjusted OR/RR/HR (95% CI)	NOS
								Selection	Comparability	Outcome
Pan [11] 2016	3849	27288	39.7/39.8	/	DM	Age, sex, dialect, year of interview, educational level, moderate physical activity, strenuous sports, vigorous work, smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index, and history of hypertension	DM, RR 0.77 (0.60-0.97); Male 0.66 (0.46-0.96); Female 0.85 (0.62-1.16)	3	2	3
Chen [18] 2011	132556		NA	NA	DM	Age, sex, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, alcohol drinking, and cigarette smoking	DM, HR 0.96 (0.72-1.30); Male 0.85 (0.67-1.07); Female 1.15 (0.83-1.60)	3	1	3
Wijnands [23] 2015	221117	221117	49.4/49.4	/	T2DM	Age, sex, smoking status, alcohol use, postmenopausal status/oophorectomy, BMI, eGFR, hypertension, renal transplantation, diuretics, statins, low-dose aspirin, cyclosporine, and tacrolimus	T2DM, HR 0.73 (0.69-0.77); Male 0.61 (0.58-0.66); Female 1.01 (0.92-1.11)	3	2	3
Rodríguez [17] 2010	24768	50000	72.5/73.9	NA	T1DM; T2DM	Sex, age, calendar year, GP visits, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking, IHD, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and renal failure	T1DM, OR 0.33 (0.24-0.46); Male 0.27 (0.19-0.40); Female 0.63 (0.34-1.16); T2DM, OR 0.69 (0.64-0.73); Male 0.61 (0.27-0.66); Female 0.91 (0.81-1.02)	2	2	3
Bruderer [24] 2013	91530	91530	NA	NA	T1DM; T2DM	BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease	T1DM, OR 0.50 (0.44-0.57); T2DM, OR 0.72 (0.69-0.75)	3	2	1

Abbreviations: NOS—Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale; BMI—body mass index; eGFR—estimated glomerular filtration rate; GP—general practitioner; IHD—ischaemic heart disease; DM—diabetes mellitus; T1DM—type 1 diabetes; T2DM—type 2 diabetes; OR—odds ratio; RR—relative risk; HR—hazard ratio; CI—confidence interval; NA—not available.